A plant or refinery may include equipment such as reactors, heaters, heat exchangers, regenerators, separators, or the like. Types of heat exchangers include shell and tube, plate, plate and shell, plate fin, air cooled, wetted-surface air cooled, or the like. Operating methods may impact deterioration in equipment condition, prolong equipment life, extend production operating time, or provide other benefits. Mechanical or digital sensors may be used for monitoring equipment, and sensor data may be programmatically analyzed to identify developing problems. For example, sensors may be used in conjunction with one or more system components to detect and correct maldistribution, cross-leakage, strain, pre-leakage, thermal stresses, fouling, vibration, problems in liquid lifting, conditions that can affect air-cooled exchangers, conditions that can affect a wetted-surface air-cooled heat exchanger, or the like. An operating condition or mode may be adjusted to prolong equipment life or avoid equipment failure.

In accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a continuous catalytic deasphalting process includes introducing a feed comprising crude oil and solvent to a first reactor to deasphalt the feed, producing polymerized asphaltene adsorbed to the catalyst and deasphalted oil; introducing solvent to a second reactor to regenerate catalyst in the second reactor while the deasphalting step is performed in the first reactor; introducing a wash solvent to the first reactor after deasphalting to remove the polymerized asphaltene, thereby regenerating the catalyst in the first reactor and producing a mixture comprising solvent and polymerized asphaltene; passing the mixture to a separator downstream of the reactor system to separate the wash solvent from the polymerized asphaltenes; and reintroducing at least a portion of the separated wash solvent to at least one of the first and second reactors.

A particle control method configured prevent an extremely small quantity of particles descending on a stream of a laminar flow in a clean zone through which the laminar flow flows (as in a RABS or isolator device) from descending to a specific position or to guide the particles so as to have them descend to a specific position by controlling movement of the particles. [Solution] A particle descent position is separated away from a board surface of the oscillation board by using an acoustic radiation pressure generated by prompting ultrasonic vibration of the oscillation board disposed with a board surface substantially in parallel with a flow direction of the laminar flow. Moreover, by using a node of a standing wave field generated by prompting the ultrasonic vibration of two oscillation boards disposed with the board surfaces faced with each other, the particle is guided to a direction of a node of a standing wave field. Moreover, by using a focal point of the ultrasonic wave generated by prompting the ultrasonic wave of four oscillation boards, that is, two pairs disposed with the board surfaces faced with each other, the particle is guided to the focal point of the ultrasonic wave.

The invention relates to a virtual sensing method and system for controlling at least one composition variable in a urea production process, based on a plurality of online measured process variables and a model, wherein the model is used to estimate, during the urea production process, the at least one composition variable indicative of a urea content on the basis of the plurality of online measured process variables, and modifying at least one of the plurality of online measured process variables for ensuring that a value of the at least one composition variable is within a predetermined range. The invention also relates to determining the model.

Methods for simultaneously determining the concentrations of transition metal compounds in solutions containing two or more transition metal compounds are described. Polymerization reactor systems providing real-time monitoring and control of the concentrations of the transition metal components of a multicomponent catalyst system are disclosed, as well as methods for operating such polymerization reactor systems, and for improving methods of preparing the multicomponent catalyst system.

A high-performance, energy-saving, automatic cooper-melting apparatus, includes peripherals containing a tank acting as a main body. The tank has a top capped by an upper stirring device that has a top equipped with a lid. The lid has a lower surface with a sealing pad attached thereto. The sealing pad is centrally installed with a stirring motor. The stirring motor is centrally installed with a post. The post is equipped peripherally with stirring rollers. The tank contains a probe connected to an electric cord whose two ends are connected to an air suspension blower and a DCS detecting device, respectively. The tank contains a screen plate. The tank has one lateral provided with an air pipe and an opposite lateral provided with a liquid pipe. The air pipe has one end fixed with an air pipe stirrer, and the liquid pipe has one end fixed with a liquid pipe stirrer.

Processes for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon (derived from plants) and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon (derived from fossil sources) wherein the biogenic content of the Fischer-Tropsch liquids is the same as the biogenic content of the feedstock.

Provided is a method for producing a fluorine-containing organic compound. The method can immediately detect the occurrence of a side reaction in direct fluorination reaction using fluorine gas and can give a highly pure fluorine-containing organic compound at a high yield. A raw material liquid (1) containing a raw material organic compound having a hydrogen atom and two or more carbon atoms is reacted with fluorine gas in a reaction container (11) to replace the hydrogen atom of the raw material organic compound with a fluorine atom to give a fluorine-containing organic compound. In the reaction, tetrafluoromethane contained in a gas phase (2) in the reaction container (11) is continuously measured, and the amount of the fluorine gas supplied to the reaction container (11) is controlled depending on the measured value of the tetrafluoromethane.

Reagents and solvents used for polymer synthesis are reused or recycled rather than discarded. The outflow from each step of polymer synthesis may be collected separately in one of multiple dedicated containers. Reuse returns the outflow from a step of polymer synthesis back to an input of a polymer synthesizer for subsequent use in that same step. Recycling processes the outflow from one or more steps of polymer synthesis to restore original concentrations or purity levels for use in a later synthesis run. Quality control analysis may determine if outflow collected from a polymer synthesizer is reused or recycled. These techniques reduce reagent cost and waste quantity. These techniques may be used with phosphoramidite or enzyme-based synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

An automatic calcium reactor preferably includes a reactor body, a carbon dioxide separator, a salt water pump, a recycling venturi and an electronic controller. The reactor body includes a lower chamber and an upper chamber. A source of calcium is placed in the upper chamber. The carbon dioxide separator is suspended near a top of the upper chamber. A salt water outlet is formed through a side wall of the reactor body. Salt water from the aquarium and salt water from the reactor body are fed into the salt water pump. A recycling venturi includes a salt water inlet, a carbon dioxide inlet and an outlet, which is connected to the lower chamber. A float switch is retained near a top of the upper chamber. Rising salt water inside the upper chamber trips the float switch and opens the carbon dioxide valve through the electronic controller.