A reactor system for producing modacrylic polymer having a main tank with at least one feed inlet, a mixing element inside the main tank, a secondary tank connected to the main tank with an overflow channel, a reaction terminator feed and a level meter for the secondary tank, an outlet at the bottom of the secondary tank, a level control valve that controls the outlet, a collection area connected to the outlet, and a control unit configured to control the level control valve to determine output amount to be transferred to the collection area from the secondary tank according to data received from the level meter in order to keep the level in the secondary tank constant. The temperature in the main tank and the secondary tank is continuously measured and the main tank and the secondary tank temperature difference is arranged such that it does not exceed +5° C.

Methods and systems for on-site, continuous generation of peracid chemistry, namely peroxycarboxylic acids and peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions, are disclosed. In particular, an adjustable biocide formulator or generator system is designed for on-site generation of peroxycarboxylic acids and peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions from sugar esters. Methods of using the in situ generated peroxycarboxylic acids and peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions are also disclosed.

A process for increasing the productivity of equilibrium-restricted reactions and for increasing the productivity of a target compound includes the steps of (a) providing a reaction mixture comprising reactants; (b) subjecting the reaction mixture to the equilibrium reaction in a reactor or sequence of reactors, to obtain a reactor outlet mixture comprising the target compound and at least one of the reactants; (c) regenerating the loaded sorbent obtained in step (e), by flushing the loaded sorbent with the reactor outlet mixture originating from step (b), to obtain regenerated sorbent and an effluent comprising desorbed product; (d) separating the effluent originating from step (c) into a product stream and a reactant stream; and (e) a sorption step to obtain a loaded sorbent and a depleted mixture.

A synthesis reactor including a container and a control unit is provided. The container includes an outer shell, an inner tank that is disposed in the outer shell and that cooperates with the outer shell to define an interlayer space therebetween, and a heater that is disposed in the interlayer space and that is attached directly to an outer surface of the inner tank. The control unit includes a controller that is electrically connected to the heater and that is configured to control heating temperature of the heater.

A method to convert asphaltenes to partially oxidized asphaltenes comprising the steps of treating the reactor feed in a tubular reactor to produce a reactor effluent, introducing the reactor effluent to a disengagement zone of a vessel reactor, introducing an oxidizing agent stream to the asphaltene collection zone of the vessel reactor, reacting the asphaltenes in the asphaltene-rich fraction with oxygen from the oxidizing agent, withdrawing a bottom reactor effluent from the asphaltene collection zone, reducing a temperature of the bottom reactor effluent to produce a cooled bottom effluent, reducing a pressure of the cooled bottom effluent in a pressure regulator unit to produce a centrifuge feed, separating the centrifuge feed in a centrifuge to produce a centrate, mixing the centrate and the upper upgraded stream in a product mixer to produce a mixed upgraded stream, and separating the mixed upgraded stream in a three-phase separator.

A variable 3D CD nozzle includes: a flexible body defining a flow path having an inlet extending through a narrowed throat to an expanded outlet, wherein the flexible body comprises a plurality of flexible members movably interconnected together; and at least one means for changing a shape of the flexible body to change a dimension or location of the throat plane relative to at least one of the inlet plane or outlet plane. A method of changing airflow in a nozzle includes operating at least one means for changing the shape of the flexible nozzle body to change the dimension or the location of the throat plane. A method of testing an object includes placing a test object in the test region of the test cell and passing a test gas from the outlet opening of the nozzle onto the test object.

A process for performing a continuous gas/liquid biphasic high-pressure reaction, wherein a gas and a liquid are introduced into a backmixed zone of a reactor and in the backmixed zone the gas is dispersed in the liquid by stirring, injection of gas and/or a liquid jet, a reaction mixture consecutively traverses the backmixed zone and a zone of limited backmixing, and a liquid reaction product is withdrawn at a reaction product outlet of the zone of limited backmixing, wherein the reactor comprises: an interior formed by a cylindrical vertically oriented elongate shell, a bottom and a cap, wherein the interior is divided by means of internals into the backmixed zone, the zone of limited backmixing and a cavity, a first cylindrical internal element which in the interior extends in the longitudinal direction of the reactor and which delimits the zone of limited backmixing from the backmixed zone, backmixing-preventing second internal elements in the form of random packings, structured packings or liquid-permeable trays arranged in the zone of limited backmixing and a third internal element which in the interior extends in the longitudinal direction of the reactor and is open at the bottom, wherein the third internal element forms the cavity in which gas bubbles collect and do not escape upwards, thus preventing the volume of the cavity from being occupied by liquid and reducing the reaction volume. The reaction volume of the reactor used in the process can be reversibly reduced in simple fashion. The invention further relates to a process for adapting the reaction volume of a reactor suitable for performing a gas/liquid biphasic high-pressure reaction having an outlet for a liquid reaction product in which an internal element is arranged so as to form a cavity open at the bottom in which gas bubbles collect and do not escape upwards, thus preventing the volume of the cavity from being occupied by liquid and reducing the reaction volume.

A method for recovering a distillable, anhydrous methane-sulfonic acid (MSA) liquid phase from an anhydrous 2-phase gas-liquid mixture wherein the anhydrous 2-phase gas-liquid mixture is generated by sulfonating methane (CH.sub.4) with sulfur trioxide (SO.sub.3) in an MSA-forming reactor, or reactor system, according to a radical chain reaction wherein the method comprises (i) separating the gas phase from the liquid phase, (ii) passing the separated liquid phase into a stripping column, and (iii) recovering the stripped anhydrous liquid phase.

A liquid phase alkylation product from an alkylation reaction unit is introduced into a first heat-exchanger directly or after being pressurized with a pressure pump and heat-exchanged with a vapor phase stream from the column top of a high-pressure fractionating column n, then introduced into a second heat-exchanger and further heated to 100° C.-150° C., then introduced into the high-pressure fractionating column and subjected to fractionation at 2.0 MPa-4.0 MPa, the vapor phase stream from the column top of the high-pressure fractionating column is heat-exchanged with the liquid phase alkylation product to be separated, a liquid phase stream from the column bottom of the high-pressure fractionating column is introduced into a low-pressure fractionating column and subjected to fractionation under at 0.2 MPa-1.0 MPa, a low-carbon alkane is obtained from the column top of the low-pressure fractionating column n, and a liquid phase stream obtained from the column bottom of the low-pressure fractionating column is an alkylation oil product.

The instant disclosure is related to fluidic distributors, fluidic systems, and associated methods and articles. Certain embodiments are related to fluidic distributors that comprise bays including fluidic connections with relative positions that substantially correspond to each other. In some embodiments, a fluidic distributor may comprise bays with electrical interfaces with relative positions that substantially correspond to each other.