Commands and constraints of reconfigurable instrumentation that execute unit operations of processes can be defined. A simulation engine configured to execute commands of the reconfigurable instrumentation can be defined such that processes can be simulated based on pre-defined mathematical models. A process historian configured to monitor and record results of the simulation can be defined. A first process can be simulated based on a first process configuration. The first process configuration can be mapped onto real-world reconfigurable instrumentation within the first process configuration.

An apparatus for producing hydrogen gas is provided. The apparatus includes a first hopper having a reaction chemical. The reaction chemical includes sodium borohydride (NaBH.sub.4) and a chemical component. The chemical component may be magnesium chloride (MgCl.sub.2). The apparatus also includes a reaction chamber. The reaction chamber has an input for receiving the reaction chemical from the first hopper and an output for removal of hydrogen gas. The apparatus also includes a second hopper for containing spent solid chemical mixture removed or extracted from the reaction chamber.

A processing system and method of producing a particulate material from a liquid mixture are provided. The processing system generally includes a system inlet connected to one or more gas lines to deliver one or more gases into the processing system, one or more power jet modules adapted to jet a liquid mixture into one or more streams of droplets and to force the one or more streams of droplets into the processing system, and a reaction chamber adapted to deliver the one or more streams of droplets in the presence of the one or more gases and process the one or more streams of droplets into the particulate material. The method includes delivering one or more gases into a processing system, jetting the liquid mixture into one or more first droplets streams using one or more power jet modules of the processing system and into the processing system, and reacting the one or more first droplets streams delivered from the processing chamber inside a reaction chamber of the processing system in the presence of the one or more gases into the particulate material at a first temperature.

Methods and systems for temperature-controlled, on-site generation of peracids, namely peroxycarboxylic acids and peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions are disclosed. In particular, methods for using an adjustable biocide formulator or generator system overcome the limitations of temperature on the kinetics of the peracid generation and/or peracid decomposition inside an adjustable biocide formulator or generator system. The methods include the controlling of the temperature of at least one raw starting material, namely water, to improve upon methods of on-site generation of peracids. The methods allow for the generation of user-selected chemistry without regard to the ambient temperatures of the raw starting materials and/or the biocide formulator or generator system.

Embodiments disclosed herein relate to systems and processes for producing olefins and/or dienes. The systems and processes may include thermally cracking a C1-C4 hydrocarbon containing feed to produce a cracked hydrocarbon effluent containing a mixture of olefins and paraffins. The systems and processes may also include dehydrogenating the cracked hydrocarbon effluent to produce a dehydrogenated hydrocarbon effluent containing additional olefins and/or dienes.

The invention provides a system for manufacturing graphene wool which includes a receptacle, a graphene growth substrate locatable inside the receptacle, a heating device for increasing the temperature inside the receptacle, an inlet gas flow communication with the receptacle for controlling the introduction of gaseous substances into the receptacle, and a cooling device for rapidly decreasing the temperature inside the receptacle. The invention extends to a method for manufacturing graphene wool and to an air pollutant trap which includes: a sorbent, and a housing for housing the sorbent, wherein the sorbent includes graphene.

A manufacturing facility (12) is provided. The manufacturing facility (12) includes one or more interconnectable modules (10). At least one of the one or more interconnectable modules (10) includes a housing (14) and a reactor (16) in 5 the housing (14). The housing (14) has at least one charging inlet (18) and at least one discharging outlet (20). The reactor (16) has at least one reactor inlet (22) coupled to the at least one charging inlet (18) of the housing (14) and at least one reactor outlet (24) coupled to the at least one discharging outlet (20) of the housing (14).

A method for processing feedstock is described, characterized in that incoming feedstock is processed to selectively recover biogenic carbon material from the incoming feedstock. In some embodiments the incoming feedstock is comprised of mixed solid waste, such as municipal solid waste (MSW). In other embodiments the incoming feedstock is comprised of woody biomass. In some instances, the incoming feedstock is processed to selectively recover biogenic carbon material from the incoming feedstock to produce a processed feedstock having biogenic carbon content of 50% and greater suitable for conversion into biogenic carbon Fischer Tropsch liquids. The high biogenic carbon Fischer Tropsch liquids may be upgraded to biogenic carbon liquid fuels. Alternatively, the incoming feedstock is processed to selectively recover plastic material from the incoming feedstock to produce a processed feedstock having biogenic carbon content of 50% or less.

A method for nitrous decomposition can include: expanding liquid nitrous into gaseous nitrous in a decomposition chamber; injecting heated nitrogen gas into the decomposition chamber so as to mix with the gaseous nitrous, wherein the heated nitrogen gas is at a nitrous decomposition temperature; heating the gaseous nitrous with the heated nitrogen gas to the nitrous decomposition temperature; and decomposing the gaseous nitrous into nitrogen and oxygen. The method can include: heating the nitrogen to at least the nitrous decomposition temperature; heating the liquid nitrous prior to expansion into the decomposition chamber; and performing the decomposition without a catalyst or heating element in the decomposition chamber. A swirling device can be positioned at an inlet to the decomposition chamber. A swirling nozzle can be positioned at an inlet to the decomposition chamber.

The disclosure provides a reaction kettle, a polypeptide synthesis cleavage system and their use in polypeptide synthesis or cleavage. The reaction kettle comprises: (1) a kettle body; (2) a stirring device located at the upper part of the kettle body and extending to the interior of the kettle body; (3) a liquid feed port, a solid feed port, an inert gas inlet and an inert gas outlet located at the upper part of the kettle body; (4) a liquid discharge port and a liquid guiding groove at the bottom of the kettle body, wherein the liquid discharge port is located at the lowest point of the liquid guiding groove; (5) a filtering device located above the liquid guiding groove; (6) a solid discharge portpassing through the bottom of the kettle body and the filtering device; and (7) a discharge valve configured at the solid discharge port.