Crystalline micronized particulate of a glycopyrronium salt may be prepared by hydrodynamic cavitation. The resulting drug particles are physically stable with regard to agglomeration and/or aggregation on storage.

A cavitation reactor having a pulse valve for receiving an input fluid flow and generating a pulsed output flow that is provided to the input of a resonance chamber, such as a tube. The pulse valve uses a shaft with a number of regularly spaced lands to form fluid conduits between an input port and the output port connected to the resonance tube to cause fluid communication between the input and output ports to be regularly opened and closed, thereby producing a pulsed output that drives the formation of resonance waves in the resonance chamber. The shaft is rotated at a suitable frequency to produce cavitation bubbles that collapse in the resonance chamber without damaging the valve shaft.

A system and method converts first carbon chain condensable fractions of wet natural gas, the first carbon chain fractions having first carbon chains, into liquefiable highly-branched hydrocarbons by cavitating first carbon chain condensable fractions of wet natural gas with natural gas; irradiating the natural gas cavitated condensable fractions of wet natural gas with an electron beam to create second carbon chain fractions; mixing the second carbon chain fractions with natural gas enriched with alkynes and alkenes to a create enriched natural gas and second carbon chain fractions mixture; irradiating the enriched natural gas and second carbon chain fractions mixture with an electron beam to create an irradiated gas mixture; cooling the irradiated gas mixture; and removing liquefied highly-branched hydrocarbons.

A system and method for cleaning sulfur and other pollutants from bunker oil to be used for fuel in large cargo ships is described. Preferably, the system includes two or more stages having a mixer to create an emulsion of oil and water. One or more treatment chemicals are added to the water before it is mixed with the oil in order to assist in separating the sulfur from the oil and freeing it up so that it can combine with various other molecules present in the water or be dissolved in the water. The emulsion may pass through a microcavitation chamber as well as an electrolysis reactor chamber in order to further clean the fuel oil by removing additional sulfur content. The clean fuel is sent to a fuel service tank for use in a diesel engine combustion cycle.

A modular assembled cavitation generating device and related operating loop are described adapted for intensity adjustment, observation, and temperature control. The device is adapted to receive one or more modules detachably attachable to the device that define surface materials, dimensions, angles, and other parameters of a cavitation channel, such as a venturi cavitation channel, that controls or otherwise adjusts cavitation occurring within the device. The device further includes observation windows for monitoring, and various measurement sensors can be installed to obtain measurements pertaining to various flow fields. Additional methods for controlling and/or intensifying cavitation through setting an optimum temperature range are also described.

Systems and methods for the treatment of plants, including decarboxylation, photo-oxidation, oxidation and/or combinations thereof, of cannabis and hemp plants and oils for biosynthesizing THCA, CBDA, and CBCA from CBGA are disclosed. A cannabinoid compound solution is fed into a cavitation zone of a controlled cavitation apparatus where the cannabinoid compound solution is subjected to cavitation and interaction with UV light for conversion of the cannabinoid compound solution to form a synthesized cannabinoid THC, CBD, CBC, CBG, CBNA, CBEA, CBLA product, or combinations thereof.

A hydrodynamic cavitation unit, disc, or producer for a hydrodynamic cavitation device is provided. The hydrodynamic cavitation device is configured for fluid communication with an inlet conduit and an outlet conduit. The hydrodynamic cavitation unit, disc, or producer includes a body; and a plurality of lumens through the body. Each of the lumens is configured for fluid communication from the inlet conduit, through the body, and to the outlet conduit. A ratio of a total cross-sectional area of the lumens within the hydrodynamic cavitation disc to a cross-sectional area of the inlet conduit is greater than or equal to about 1:1 upstream of a hydrodynamic cavitation promotion zone and constricts below about 1:1 within the hydrodynamic cavitation promotion zone. A cap is located downstream of the inlet conduit and upstream of the hydrodynamic cavitation producer. Related methods of manufacturing, apparatuses, systems, techniques, and articles are also described.

A system and method including providing a feed having alkyl-bridged multi-aromatic compounds to a tubular reactor, heating the tubular reactor, and cleaving an alkyl bridge of the alkyl-bridged multi-aromatic compounds.

Embodiments under the present disclosure include the application of an electric field in a region of liquid undergoing ultra-high shear impact, mixing and or cavitation. The co-location of electrolysis and high shear mixing and or cavitation has demonstrated the ability to cause advanced oxidation reactions and advanced reduction reactions in fluid systems such as water with both dissolved and suspended solids, and hydrocarbon with and without water emulsion.

A method for disrupting solid materials suspended in a fluid medium includes introducing a fluid comprising solid materials dispersed in a fluid medium into a fluid duct, flowing the fluid through an annular space between a cylindrical wall of the fluid duct and an outer surface of a cylindrical acoustic projector that is concentric with the cylindrical wall, the acoustic projector comprising a plurality of hammer elements spaced apart from one another by a first plurality of slots in the acoustic projector, supplying electrical energy to a transducer coupled to the acoustic projector to cause the acoustic projector to vibrate, thereby causing cavitations in the fluid, and flowing the fluid through an outlet of the disruptor after the fluid has been exposed to the cavitations. The cavitations can disrupt solid materials such as pulp, flowers, stems and seeds to release juice or oils from the materials.