A quantum dot synthesizing vessel includes an accommodation part which accommodates a reaction mixture therein, and an outer part which includes a microwave absorbing material and covers the accommodation part, where a plurality of openings exposing at least a portion of the accommodation part is defined in the outer part.

The application provides in an aspect a process for producing urea in a urea plant comprising a high pressure synthesis section comprising a reactor, wherein the process comprises reacting NH.sub.3 feed and CO.sub.2 feed under urea formation conditions in said reactor to form a urea synthesis solution comprising urea, water, carbamate and ammonia, wherein the process further comprises contacting a carbamate-containing liquid stream with an equipment part of said high pressure synthesis section that is made of a ferritic steel alloy.

The application provides in an aspect a process for producing urea in a urea plant comprising a high pressure synthesis section comprising a reactor, wherein the process comprises reacting NH.sub.3 feed and CO.sub.2 feed under urea formation conditions in said reactor to form a urea synthesis solution comprising urea, water, carbamate and ammonia, wherein the process further comprises contacting a carbamate-containing liquid stream with an equipment part of said high pressure synthesis section that is made of a ferritic steel alloy.

A universal chemical processor (UCP) including a reactor vessel having a central longitudinal axis and main chamber comprises a first inlet port for a main feedstock, a second inlet port for a fluidizing medium and a third inlet port for one or more reactants. The UCP also includes a reactive radioactive chemical processor (R.sup.2CP) that contains a radioactive element positioned extending along the longitudinal axis in the main chamber. In operation, a fluidized bed can be supported in the main chamber when a fluidizing medium and feedstock are supplied to the main chamber through the first and second inlet ports and the radioactive element of the R.sup.2CP emits ionizing radiation that is capable of ionizing feedstock and reactants, inducing chemical reactions, and sterilizing and decomposing any organic materials within a radiation zone.

A universal chemical processor (UCP) including a reactor vessel having a central longitudinal axis and main chamber comprises a first inlet port for a main feedstock, a second inlet port for a fluidizing medium and a third inlet port for one or more reactants. The UCP also includes a reactive radioactive chemical processor (R.sup.2CP) that contains a radioactive element positioned extending along the longitudinal axis in the main chamber. In operation, a fluidized bed can be supported in the main chamber when a fluidizing medium and feedstock are supplied to the main chamber through the first and second inlet ports and the radioactive element of the R.sup.2CP emits ionizing radiation that is capable of ionizing feedstock and reactants, inducing chemical reactions, and sterilizing and decomposing any organic materials within a radiation zone.

A refractory lining in a combustion chamber operating in a reducing atmosphere. The lining includes at least one or more Zirconia (Zr)-based refractory lining members comprising one or more Zr-based parts. The Zr-based parts comprise at least 90 wt. %, preferably at least 95 wt. %, of monoclinic ZrO.sub.2 and/or partially stabilized ZrO.sub.2 and/or fully stabilized ZrO.sub.2, wherein the total content of tetragonal and cubic ZrO.sub.2 amounts to at least 20 wt. %, preferably more than 35 wt. %, as well as Zr based refractory lining members and methods for manufacturing the Zr based refractory lining members.

A refractory lining in a combustion chamber operating in a reducing atmosphere. The lining includes at least one or more Zirconia (Zr)-based refractory lining members comprising one or more Zr-based parts. The Zr-based parts comprise at least 90 wt. %, preferably at least 95 wt. %, of monoclinic ZrO.sub.2 and/or partially stabilized ZrO.sub.2 and/or fully stabilized ZrO.sub.2, wherein the total content of tetragonal and cubic ZrO.sub.2 amounts to at least 20 wt. %, preferably more than 35 wt. %, as well as Zr based refractory lining members and methods for manufacturing the Zr based refractory lining members.

A reactor shell for producing olefins via steam cracking from a fed reactive mixture stream composed of steam and hydrocarbons comprising: at least one reactive stream duct formed within said reactor shell, at least one structured ceramic bed having a plurality of hollow flow paths, at least one electrical resistance heating element for heating the reactive mixture stream up to a predetermined reaction temperature and a coating provided on a surface contacting with the reactive mixture stream is provided. The reactor shell is characterized by that said electrical resistance heating element that is arranged inside at least some of said hollow flow paths in a manner that there still remains a flowing passage inside the hollow flow paths.

A reactor shell for producing olefins via steam cracking from a fed reactive mixture stream composed of steam and hydrocarbons comprising: at least one reactive stream duct formed within said reactor shell, at least one structured ceramic bed having a plurality of hollow flow paths, at least one electrical resistance heating element for heating the reactive mixture stream up to a predetermined reaction temperature and a coating provided on a surface contacting with the reactive mixture stream is provided. The reactor shell is characterized by that said electrical resistance heating element that is arranged inside at least some of said hollow flow paths in a manner that there still remains a flowing passage inside the hollow flow paths.

The present invention generally relates to a microwave-assisted pyrolysis system comprised of a microwave chamber body (102); a black carbon platform (104) disposed inside the microwave chamber body for irradiating microwave radiation and absorbing microwave energy; a quartz microwave reactor (106) placed on the black carbon platform for receiving chemical precursor(s) and applying microwave irradiation for absorption of microwave energy thereby heating the black carbon platform for microwave-assisted pyrolysis of the received chemical precursor(s); a cooling unit (108) employed for regulating and maintaining a user-defined temperature level upon detecting the temperature inside the microwave reactor using a temperature sensor (110), if the temperature exceeds the optimum level, wherein the optimum temperature is defined on the type of precursors undergoing pyrolysis; and wherein if the heating temperature is raised extremely high, the cooling unit inside the microwave machine gets activated to bring down the temperature to the user-defined level.