A polymerization reactor of the present invention includes a container body 1 and a jacket 2 covering the outer surface of the container body 1 and defining a passage for passing a cooling/heating medium between itself and the outer surface of the container body. The container body 1 is made of a clad metal plate including a support metal layer 11a having an inner surface at an inner side of the container body and an outer surface at an outer side of the container body, and an inner corrosion-resistant metal skin layer 11b bonded to the inner surface of the support metal layer and being smaller in thickness than the support metal layer.

The present disclosure relates to a corrosion resistant duplex stainless steel (ferritic austenitic alloy), which is suitable for use in a plant for the production of urea and uses thereof. The disclosure also relates to objects made of the duplex stainless steel. Furthermore, the present disclosure relates to a method for the production of urea and to a plant for the production of urea having one or more parts made from the duplex stainless steel, and to a method of modifying an existing plant for the production of urea.

The present disclosure relates to a corrosion resistant duplex stainless steel (ferritic austenitic alloy), which is suitable for use in a plant for the production of urea and uses thereof. The disclosure also relates to objects made of the duplex stainless steel. Furthermore, the present disclosure relates to a method for the production of urea and to a plant for the production of urea having one or more parts made from the duplex stainless steel, and to a method of modifying an existing plant for the production of urea.

In an embodiment: a method of making syngas in a metal reactor can comprise introducing carbon dioxide and hydrogen to the metal reactor in the presence of a catalyst to form the syngas, wherein the metal reactor comprises nickel and wherein the carbon dioxide and the hydrogen are in physical contact with a wall of the metal reactor; and passivating the nickel with a sulfur containing compound.

In an embodiment: a method of making syngas in a metal reactor can comprise introducing carbon dioxide and hydrogen to the metal reactor in the presence of a catalyst to form the syngas, wherein the metal reactor comprises nickel and wherein the carbon dioxide and the hydrogen are in physical contact with a wall of the metal reactor; and passivating the nickel with a sulfur containing compound.

An object of the present invention is to prevent stress-corrosion cracking of a header (40) of a reactor. A reactor for producing trichlorosilane by causing metal silicon powder and a hydrogen chloride gas to react with each other includes a cooler (70), the cooler including a plurality of heat transfer medium pipes (30) and a header (40), the plurality of heat transfer medium pipes being provided in a fluid bed (60) inside the reactor, the header being provided in a freeboard section (50) inside the reactor, the header being comprised of a corrosion-resistant material.

An object of the present invention is to prevent stress-corrosion cracking of a header (40) of a reactor. A reactor for producing trichlorosilane by causing metal silicon powder and a hydrogen chloride gas to react with each other includes a cooler (70), the cooler including a plurality of heat transfer medium pipes (30) and a header (40), the plurality of heat transfer medium pipes being provided in a fluid bed (60) inside the reactor, the header being provided in a freeboard section (50) inside the reactor, the header being comprised of a corrosion-resistant material.

A pyrolytic reactor comprising a fuel injection zone, a combustion zone adjacent to the fuel injections zone, an expansion zone adjacent to the combustion zone, a feedstock injection zone comprising a plurality of injection nozzles and disposed adjacent to the expansion zone, a mixing zone configured to mix a carrier stream and feed material and disposed adjacent to the feedstock injection zone, and a reaction zone adjacent to the mixing zone. The plurality of injection nozzles are radially distributed in a first assembly defining a first plane transverse to the feedstock injection zone and in a second assembly transverse to the feedstock injection zone.

A pyrolytic reactor comprising a fuel injection zone, a combustion zone adjacent to the fuel injections zone, an expansion zone adjacent to the combustion zone, a feedstock injection zone comprising a plurality of injection nozzles and disposed adjacent to the expansion zone, a mixing zone configured to mix a carrier stream and feed material and disposed adjacent to the feedstock injection zone, and a reaction zone adjacent to the mixing zone. The plurality of injection nozzles are radially distributed in a first assembly defining a first plane transverse to the feedstock injection zone and in a second assembly transverse to the feedstock injection zone.

In a production system for vapor-grown carbon nanofibers includes a static mixer and a micro mist nozzle for preventing un-uniform input material from forming impurities, an anti-adhering coating covering an inner wall of a vertical tubular reactor for preventing a catalyst, raw material and carbon fibers from adhering to the inner wall of the vertical tubular reactor, and a sedimentation device into which a dispersant and water are inputted to separate produced carbon fiber compositions from particulate impurities in water.