A solar-driven methanol reforming system for hydrogen production includes a water storage tank, high-temperature solar collector tubes, a thermocouple, valves, preheaters, an evaporator, a reactor, a heat exchanger, a mixed solution (methanol and water) storage tank, a gas separator, a pump, a carbon dioxide storage tank, a hydrogen storage tank, and pipes; the present invention utilizes solar energy to provide heat required for hydrogen production by methanol reforming, and stores some heat in a phase change material to supply heat for the methanol reforming reaction when sunlight is weak; the system does not need additional energy supply, thus saving energy consumption from traditional electric heating or fuel heating.

An extruder and valve system comprises a conduit for conveying a biomass stream using a plurality of injector assemblies to provide water or other fluids and/or steam for pretreatment. Each injector in the assembly is connected to a corresponding port in the extruder. The ports can be positioned at discrete locations of the extruder or beyond to deliver the appropriate amount of fluid or steam for the processing of biomass or other materials.

The present invention provides a method of controlling back reactions or recombination reactions of product molecules formed in a dissociation reaction of reactant molecules of a fluid sample, in a reaction chamber. The method comprises introducing the fluid sample into the reaction chamber through one or more inlets, initiating the dissociation reaction of the reactant molecules of the fluid sample in the reaction chamber to form the product molecules, creating a patterned flow of the fluid sample in the reaction chamber to reduce/minimize disordered and/or turbulent mixing of the reactant molecules and/or product molecules in the fluid sample, and conveying the fluid sample comprising the product molecules out from the reaction chamber through one or more outlets.

The present invention provides a method of controlling back reactions or recombination reactions of product molecules formed in a dissociation reaction of reactant molecules of a fluid sample, in a reaction chamber. The method comprises introducing the fluid sample into the reaction chamber through one or more inlets, initiating the dissociation reaction of the reactant molecules of the fluid sample in the reaction chamber to form the product molecules, creating a patterned flow of the fluid sample in the reaction chamber to reduce/minimize disordered and/or turbulent mixing of the reactant molecules and/or product molecules in the fluid sample, and conveying the fluid sample comprising the product molecules out from the reaction chamber through one or more outlets.

A pyrolysis reactor (12) and method for the pyrolysis of hydrocarbon gases (e.g., methane) utilizes a pyrolysis reactor (12) having a unique burner assembly (44) and pyrolysis feed assembly (56) that creates an inwardly spiraling fluid flow pattern of the feed gases to form a swirling gas mixture that passes through a burner conduit (46) with a constricted neck portion or nozzle (52). At least a portion of the swirling gas mixture forms a thin, annular mixed gas flow layer immediately adjacent to the burner conduit (46). A portion of the swirling gas mixture is combusted as the swirling gas mixture passes through the burner conduit (46) and a portion of combustion products circulates in the burner assembly (44). This provides conditions suitable for pyrolysis of hydrocarbons or light alkane gas, such as methane or natural gas.

A tubular reactor comprises a tubular shell, an external jacket, and a gas distribution device at the top of the shell, wherein at least one group of feed nozzles are distributed uniformly on the shell, each group comprising at least one phosgene nozzle and at least one diamine nozzle; a reaction material is sprayed through the nozzles and impinges with each other in a middle impingement zone to strengthen the reaction effect, the gas distribution device is arranged at the top of the shell and the upper part of the feed nozzle, and an inert medium distributed uniformly through the gas distribution device is refracted at the top of the shell into an impingement reaction zone, so as to reduce the temperature and concentration of the reaction zone.

A tubular reactor comprises a tubular shell, an external jacket, and a gas distribution device at the top of the shell, wherein at least one group of feed nozzles are distributed uniformly on the shell, each group comprising at least one phosgene nozzle and at least one diamine nozzle; a reaction material is sprayed through the nozzles and impinges with each other in a middle impingement zone to strengthen the reaction effect, the gas distribution device is arranged at the top of the shell and the upper part of the feed nozzle, and an inert medium distributed uniformly through the gas distribution device is refracted at the top of the shell into an impingement reaction zone, so as to reduce the temperature and concentration of the reaction zone.

An apparatus (1) for thermal denitration of a uranyl nitrate hydrate to uranium trioxide UO3. The apparatus (1) comprises a burner (114) and a reaction chamber (110) configured to carry out thermal denitration of uranyl nitrate hydrate and to form uranium trioxide UO3 in the form of particles. The apparatus also comprises a separating chamber (120) suitable for separating UO3 particles from the gases resulting from the thermal denitration carried out in the reaction chamber (110), and at least one filter (130) configured for purifying the gases. The separating chamber (120) is a decanting chamber into which the reaction chamber (110) directly opens out. The filter (130) is capable of performing the separation at a temperature greater than or equal to 350° C. The invention also relates to use of such an apparatus, to a thermal denitration process and to UO3 particles obtained by such a process.

An apparatus (1) for thermal denitration of a uranyl nitrate hydrate to uranium trioxide UO3. The apparatus (1) comprises a burner (114) and a reaction chamber (110) configured to carry out thermal denitration of uranyl nitrate hydrate and to form uranium trioxide UO3 in the form of particles. The apparatus also comprises a separating chamber (120) suitable for separating UO3 particles from the gases resulting from the thermal denitration carried out in the reaction chamber (110), and at least one filter (130) configured for purifying the gases. The separating chamber (120) is a decanting chamber into which the reaction chamber (110) directly opens out. The filter (130) is capable of performing the separation at a temperature greater than or equal to 350° C. The invention also relates to use of such an apparatus, to a thermal denitration process and to UO3 particles obtained by such a process.

A process for producing a metal oxide powder by flame spray pyrolysis where a) a stream of a solution containing at least one oxidizable or hydrolysable metal compound is atomized to afford an aerosol by means of an atomizer gas, b) this aerosol is brought to reaction in the reaction space of the reactor with a flame obtained by ignition of a mixture of fuel gas and air, c) the reaction stream is cooled and d) the solid product is subsequently removed from the reaction stream, wherein e) the reaction space comprises one or more successive double-walled internals, wherein the wall of the double-walled internal facing the flame-conducting region of the reaction space comprises at least one slot through which a gas or vapour is introduced into the reaction space in which the flame is burning and f) the slot is arranged such that this gas or vapour brings about a rotation of the flame.