A method of manufacturing a catalyst material includes the steps of: providing a body having an open-porous foam structure and comprising at least a first metal or alloy; providing particles, each of which particles comprising at least a second metal or alloy; distributing the particles on the body; forming a structural connection between each of at least a subset of the particles and the body; and forming an oxide film on at least the subset of the particles and the body, wherein the oxide film has a catalytically active surface.

Process for reforming a hydrocarbon feedstock comprising paraffins and naphthenes. A hydrocarbon feedstock is separated to produce a first fraction enriched in naphthenes and a second fraction that is enriched in paraffins. The first fraction is contacted with a first reforming catalyst in a first reactor that is maintained at a temperature and pressure that facilitates conversion of naphthenes to aromatics. The second fraction is contacted with a second reforming catalyst in a second reactor at a temperature and pressure that converts at least 50 wt. % of paraffins in the second fraction to olefins. The process produces a liquid hydrocarbon reformate product suitable for use as a blend component of a liquid transportation fuel.

Provided is a method for producing p-xylene, comprising: a provision step of providing a C4 fraction comprising at least isobutene as a product formed by fluidized catalytic cracking of a heavy oil fraction; a dimerization step of bringing a first raw material comprising the isobutene into contact with a dimerization catalyst to produce a C8 component comprising a dimer of isobutene; and a cyclization step of bringing a second raw material comprising the C8 component with a dehydrogenation catalyst to produce p-xylene through a cyclization/dehydrogenation reaction of the C8 component.

A method may include: hydropyrolyzing a bio feedstock in a hydropyrolysis unit to produce at least a hydropyrolysis oil; introducing at least a portion of the hydropyrolysis oil with a hydrocarbon co-feed into a fluidized catalytic cracking unit; and cracking the hydropyrolysis oil in the fluidized catalytic cracking unit to produce at least fuel range hydrocarbons.

Provided is a catalyst system for oxidative dehydrogenation, a reactor for oxidative dehydrogenation including the catalyst system, and a method of performing oxidative dehydrogenation using the reactor. In the catalyst system, a fixed-bed reactor is filled with a catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation in an n-stage structure (n being an integer of 2 or more), wherein each stage of the n-stage structure satisfies Equations 1 and 2 as claimed so that the concentration of an active ingredient included in the catalyst gradually increases in the direction in which reactants are fed into the reactor. Heat generated inside the reactor may be effectively controlled during oxidative dehydrogenation, thereby improving conversion rate, selectivity, and yield. In addition, catalyst deterioration may be reduced, thereby improving long-term stability of the catalyst.

A ferrite catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation and a method of preparing the same. The ferrite catalyst is prepared using an epoxide-based sol-gel method, wherein a step of burning includes a first burning step, in which burning is performed at a temperature of 70 to 200 C.; and a second burning step, in which burning is performed after the temperature is raised from a temperature in the range of greater than 200 C. to 250 C. to a temperature in the range of 600 to 900 C.

A bifunctional catalyst for conversion of oxygenates, said bifunctional catalyst comprising zeolite, alumina binder, Zn and P, wherein P is evenly distributed across the catalyst.

Processes for reforming a hydrocarbon feedstock by selectively reforming different sub-components or fractions of the feedstock using at least two compositionally-distinct reforming catalysts. Advantages may include a decreased rate of reforming catalyst deactivation and an increased yield of a liquid hydrocarbon reformate product that is characterized by at least one of an increased octane rating and a decreased vapor pressure (relative to conventional one-step reforming processes and systems).

Synthesis of aromatic hydrocarbons from synthesis gas in a fixed bed or a moving bed reactor loaded with a composite catalyst comprising Catalyst Component A and Catalyst Component B mixed via a mechanical mixing mode, wherein the active ingredient of the Catalyst Component A is active metal oxides; and the Catalyst Component B is one or both of ZSM-5 zeolite and metal modified ZSM-5; the pressure of the synthesis gas is 0.1-6 MPa; the reaction temperature is 300-600 C.; and the space velocity is 500-8000 h.sup.1. The reaction process has a high product yield and selectivity, with the selectivity of aromatics reaching 50-85%, while the selectivity of the methane byproduct is less than 15%.

A bifunctional catalyst for conversion of oxygenates, said catalyst comprising zeolite, alumina binder and Zn, wherein the Zn is present at least partly as ZnAl.sub.2O.sub.4.