Carbon dioxide can be converted into a higher energy product by contacting carbon dioxide with a polarized monocrystalline magnesium oxide producing at least in part carbon. Further a novel crystalline magnesium oxide carbon composite comprising crystalline magnesium oxide and crystalline carbon having graphene structure which are interwoven is provided.

Carbon dioxide can be converted into a higher energy product by contacting carbon dioxide with a polarized monocrystalline magnesium oxide producing at least in part carbon. Further a novel crystalline magnesium oxide carbon composite comprising crystalline magnesium oxide and crystalline carbon having graphene structure which are interwoven is provided.

The present invention is concerned with a reactive surfactant composition for emulsion polymerization, which is able to micronize the particle diameter of a polymer emulsion and to reduce the addition amount of the reactive surfactant composition to be used. The reactive surfactant composition for emulsion polymerization of the present invention contains a reactive anionic surfactant (component A) represented by the following formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein AO represents an alkyleneoxy group having a carbon number of 3 or more and 18 or less; EO represents an ethyleneoxy group; p represents an integer of 1 or more and 15 or less; m′ represents an integer of 0 or more; n′ represents an integer of 0 or more; M.sup.+ represents a hydrogen ion or a cation; and plural kinds of AOs may coexist.

The present invention is concerned with a reactive surfactant composition for emulsion polymerization, which is able to micronize the particle diameter of a polymer emulsion and to reduce the addition amount of the reactive surfactant composition to be used. The reactive surfactant composition for emulsion polymerization of the present invention contains a reactive anionic surfactant (component A) represented by the following formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein AO represents an alkyleneoxy group having a carbon number of 3 or more and 18 or less; EO represents an ethyleneoxy group; p represents an integer of 1 or more and 15 or less; m′ represents an integer of 0 or more; n′ represents an integer of 0 or more; M.sup.+ represents a hydrogen ion or a cation; and plural kinds of AOs may coexist.

A co-deflagration process for the preparation of metallic, ceramic, or mixed ceramic-metallic particles optionally impregnated within or attached to a metallic, ceramic, or mixed ceramic-metallic support material includes mixing at least two components. Each of the components can be any of a nitrogen-rich ligand or a salt thereof, a complex or coordination polymer of the nitrogen-rich ligand or salt thereof with one of the at least one metal, and a cluster of the at least one metal, and optionally an organic or inorganic oxidant, gas generator, pyrotechnic, propellant, and/or explosive.

A co-deflagration process for the preparation of metallic, ceramic, or mixed ceramic-metallic particles optionally impregnated within or attached to a metallic, ceramic, or mixed ceramic-metallic support material includes mixing at least two components. Each of the components can be any of a nitrogen-rich ligand or a salt thereof, a complex or coordination polymer of the nitrogen-rich ligand or salt thereof with one of the at least one metal, and a cluster of the at least one metal, and optionally an organic or inorganic oxidant, gas generator, pyrotechnic, propellant, and/or explosive.

A process for catalytic cracking of an iron-contaminated fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) feedstock. The process may include combining a FCC catalyst, a slurry containing a magnesium compound, and an iron-contaminated FCC feedstock during a FCC process under fluid catalytic cracking conditions, thereby generating an equilibrium FCC catalyst with reduced iron poisoning. The slurry containing the magnesium compound may not contain a calcium compound.

A catalyst suitable for use in carbon oxide conversion reactions is described, said catalyst in the form of a shaped unit formed from an oxidic catalyst powder, said catalyst comprising 30-70% by weight of copper oxide, combined with zinc oxide, alumina and silica, having a Si:AI atomic ratio in the range 0.005 to 0.15:1, and having a BET surface area >105 m.sup.2/g and a copper surface area >37 m.sup.2/g catalyst. The catalyst is prepared by a co-precipitation method using an alumina sol.

A hydrogenolysis catalyst comprises a catalytic component that includes copper oxide, manganese oxide, and aluminum oxide, and a binder that includes a zirconium component, wherein the catalyst comprises at least about 30.0 wt % copper oxide, and the catalyst is substantially free of silicon or an oxide thereof. The hydrogenolysis catalysts are effective for converting fatty acid esters to fatty alcohols.

A hydrogenolysis catalyst comprises a catalytic component that includes copper oxide, manganese oxide, and aluminum oxide, and a binder that includes a zirconium component, wherein the catalyst comprises at least about 30.0 wt % copper oxide, and the catalyst is substantially free of silicon or an oxide thereof. The hydrogenolysis catalysts are effective for converting fatty acid esters to fatty alcohols.