This invention relates to a catalyst system comprising (a) at least one layer of a first catalyst comprising a dehydrogenation active metal on a solid support; (b) at least one layer of a second catalyst comprising a metal oxide; and (c) at least one layer of a third catalyst comprising a transition metal on an inorganic support; wherein the at least one layer of a second catalyst is sandwiched between the at least one layer of a first catalyst and the at least one layer of a third catalyst; and a process comprising contacting a hydrocarbon feed with the catalyst system.

The present invention is concerned with a catalyst for the conversion of ethanol to 1,3-butadiene comprising a component A selected from the list consisting of zeolite, silicon dioxide, aluminium oxide, or any combination thereof; and a component B.sub.cat comprising a mixed metal oxide, a catalyst precursor for the preparation of a catalyst for the conversion of ethanol to 1,3-butadiene comprising a component A selected from the list consisting of zeolite, silicon dioxide, aluminium oxide, or any combination thereof; and a component B.sub.pre comprising a layered double hydroxide (LDH) as well as a process for the conversion of ethanol to 1,3-butadiene, in which said catalyst is used.

The present invention is concerned with a catalyst for the conversion of ethanol to 1,3-butadiene comprising a component A selected from the list consisting of zeolite, silicon dioxide, aluminium oxide, or any combination thereof; and a component B.sub.cat comprising a mixed metal oxide, a catalyst precursor for the preparation of a catalyst for the conversion of ethanol to 1,3-butadiene comprising a component A selected from the list consisting of zeolite, silicon dioxide, aluminium oxide, or any combination thereof; and a component B.sub.pre comprising a layered double hydroxide (LDH) as well as a process for the conversion of ethanol to 1,3-butadiene, in which said catalyst is used.

The present invention provides a production method for indene, comprising a dehydrogenation step of obtaining a reaction product containing indene by contacting a raw material gas containing indane and molecular hydrogen with a dehydrogenation catalyst, wherein the dehydrogenation catalyst comprises a support containing aluminum, and a supported metal supported on the support, the supported metal contains a group 14 metal element and platinum, and an atomic ratio of the group 14 metal element to the platinum in the dehydrogenation catalyst is 8.0 or less.

The present invention provides a production method for indene, comprising a dehydrogenation step of obtaining a reaction product containing indene by contacting a raw material gas containing indane and molecular hydrogen with a dehydrogenation catalyst, wherein the dehydrogenation catalyst comprises a support containing aluminum, and a supported metal supported on the support, the supported metal contains a group 14 metal element and platinum, and an atomic ratio of the group 14 metal element to the platinum in the dehydrogenation catalyst is 8.0 or less.

A catalyst of the present invention contains a first transition metal oxide (A1) represented by the general formula M.sup.1O.sub.x, wherein M.sup.1 represents a transition metal element, and x represents a positive real number, and a metal compound (B1) capable of adsorbing carbon dioxide. The first transition metal oxide (A1) is supported on the metal compound (B1), and the first transition metal oxide (A1) can produce a compound represented by the general formula M.sup.1O.sub.x-n by reduction, wherein M.sup.1 and x are as defined above, and n represents a positive real number equal to or less than x.

A catalyst of the present invention contains a first transition metal oxide (A1) represented by the general formula M.sup.1O.sub.x, wherein M.sup.1 represents a transition metal element, and x represents a positive real number, and a metal compound (B1) capable of adsorbing carbon dioxide. The first transition metal oxide (A1) is supported on the metal compound (B1), and the first transition metal oxide (A1) can produce a compound represented by the general formula M.sup.1O.sub.x-n by reduction, wherein M.sup.1 and x are as defined above, and n represents a positive real number equal to or less than x.

The present invention provides a process of catalytic depolymerization of polystyrene involving a spherical catalyst, an apparatus for carrying out the depolymerization, recovering the aromatic rich liquid product and recycling the catalyst without any decrease in the catalytic performance. Further, the present invention provides that the aromatic rich liquid product includes styrene, xylene, benzene, ethyl benzene, with styrene content greater than 65%. Additionally, the catalyst involved in the depolymerization process is a spherical catalyst that is easily recovered from coke/char formed during the process and is recycled and reused without any decrease in the catalytic performance.

The present invention provides a process of catalytic depolymerization of polystyrene involving a spherical catalyst, an apparatus for carrying out the depolymerization, recovering the aromatic rich liquid product and recycling the catalyst without any decrease in the catalytic performance. Further, the present invention provides that the aromatic rich liquid product includes styrene, xylene, benzene, ethyl benzene, with styrene content greater than 65%. Additionally, the catalyst involved in the depolymerization process is a spherical catalyst that is easily recovered from coke/char formed during the process and is recycled and reused without any decrease in the catalytic performance.

An integrated catalyst can be used in an olefin disproportionation reaction. The integrated catalyst contains a plurality of different integrated active phases. The relative positions among different active phases remain substantially unchanged during the olefin disproportionation reaction. The effective distance between respective bisecting planes of two adjacent different active phases is 0.5-5 mm, preferably 1-3 mm.