A method to make delta-valerolactone (DVL) by dehydrogenating 2-hydroxytetrahydropyran (HTHP). The HTHP is contacted with a supported-metal catalyst for a time, at a temperature, and at a pressure wherein at least a portion of the HTHP is converted to DVL via dehydrogenation of the HTHP. The HTHP may be derived from biomass. Thus, the method yields DVL without requiring a petroleum-based feedstock.

Oligomer products are produced by reacting an alpha olefin and a vinylidene compound in the presence of a solid catalyst, such as a solid oxide or a chemically-treated solid oxide. Metallocene compounds, organoaluminum compounds, and BF.sub.3 are not needed to perform the reaction. Oligomer products formed by processes disclosed herein have a trimer:tetramer weight ratio of at least 2:1.

A composite solid base catalyst, a manufacturing method thereof and a manufacturing method of glycidol are provided. The composite solid base catalyst includes an aluminum carrier and a plurality of calcium particles. The plurality of calcium particles are supported by the aluminum carrier. Beta basic sites of the composite solid base catalyst are 0.58 mmol/g-3.89 mmol/g.

A hydroprocessing catalyst has been developed. The catalyst is formed from a unique transition metal molybdotungsten oxy-hydroxide material. The hydroprocessing using the transition metal molybdotungsten oxy-hydroxide material-based catalyst may include hydrodenitrification, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodemetallation, hydrodesilication, hydrodearomatization, hydroisomerization, hydrotreating, hydrofining, and hydrocracking.

A novel mixed metal molybdate useful as a hydroprocessing catalyst or catalyst precursor has been created. The hydroprocessing using the novel mixed metal molybdate material or the decomposition product thereof may include hydrodenitrification, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodemetallation, hydrodesilication, hydrodearomatization, hydroisomerization, hydrotreating, hydrofining, and hydrocracking.

An exhaust system for a compression ignition engine comprising an oxidation catalyst for treating carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HCs) in exhaust gas from the compression ignition engine, wherein the oxidation catalyst comprises: a platinum group metal (PGM) component selected from the group consisting of a platinum (Pt) component, a palladium (Pd) component and a combination thereof; an alkaline earth metal component; a support material comprising a modified alumina incorporating a heteroatom component; and a substrate, wherein the platinum group metal (PGM) component, the alkaline earth metal component and the support material are disposed on the substrate.

An exhaust system for a compression ignition engine comprising an oxidation catalyst for treating carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HCs) in exhaust gas from the compression ignition engine, wherein the oxidation catalyst comprises: a platinum group metal (PGM) component selected from the group consisting of a platinum (Pt) component, a palladium (Pd) component and a combination thereof; an alkaline earth metal component; a support material comprising a modified alumina incorporating a heteroatom component; and a substrate, wherein the platinum group metal (PGM) component, the alkaline earth metal component and the support material are disposed on the substrate.

The present invention is concerned with a reactive surfactant composition for emulsion polymerization, which is able to micronize the particle diameter of a polymer emulsion and to reduce the addition amount of the reactive surfactant composition to be used.

The reactive surfactant composition for emulsion polymerization of the present invention contains a reactive anionic surfactant (component A) represented by the following formula (I), the component A being satisfied with the following requirement R:

##STR00001## wherein AO represents an alkyleneoxy group having a carbon number of 3 or more and 18 or less; EO represents an ethyleneoxy group; p represents an integer of 1 or more and 15 or less; m represents an integer of 0 or more; n represents an integer of 0 or more; W represents a hydrogen ion or a cation; and plural kinds of AOs may coexist.

Requirement R: An average addition molar number m of AO is a number of 1 or more and 50 or less; an average addition molar number n of EO is a number of 0 or more and 200 or less; and when in the component A, a component having an addition molar number of AO of (m3) or less is defined as (component A-1), and a component having an addition molar number of AO of (m+2) or more is defined as (component A-2), X in the following formula (I) is less than 30, provided that when m is less than 3, (m=0) is defined as (component A-1):

X={(molar number of component A-1)+(molar number of component A-2)}(molar number of component A)100(I).

The present invention provides a steam reforming process for heavy oil or hydrocarbons using a circulating fluidized bed reactor, the process having a reforming step and a regeneration step, wherein the reforming step and the regeneration step comprise a bubbling fluidized reactor containing a fluidizable nickel-containing reforming catalyst and produce hydrogen as a product of the reforming bed. The API gravity of the feedstock may be between 11 and 54, preferably between 11 and 20. The present invention also provides a fluidized bed hydrocarbon steam reforming process using a regenerable catalyst to produce hydrogen, wherein a circulating bed reactor is operated in an alternating manner, switching between two steps: reforming and regeneration; using a mixture of a fluidizable solid and a fluidizable nickel-containing reforming catalyst; producing hydrogen as a product of the reforming step with a minimum hydrogen content of 25 volume percent, preferably at least 60 volume % and more preferably at least 70 volume percent on a dry weight basis.

The present invention provides a steam reforming process for heavy oil or hydrocarbons using a circulating fluidized bed reactor, the process having a reforming step and a regeneration step, wherein the reforming step and the regeneration step comprise a bubbling fluidized reactor containing a fluidizable nickel-containing reforming catalyst and produce hydrogen as a product of the reforming bed. The API gravity of the feedstock may be between 11 and 54, preferably between 11 and 20. The present invention also provides a fluidized bed hydrocarbon steam reforming process using a regenerable catalyst to produce hydrogen, wherein a circulating bed reactor is operated in an alternating manner, switching between two steps: reforming and regeneration; using a mixture of a fluidizable solid and a fluidizable nickel-containing reforming catalyst; producing hydrogen as a product of the reforming step with a minimum hydrogen content of 25 volume percent, preferably at least 60 volume % and more preferably at least 70 volume percent on a dry weight basis.