A process is described for reducing the total acid number of a refinery feedstock. In one embodiment, refinery feedstock containing naphthenic acids is contacted with an effective amount of solid catalyst in the presence of an aqueous caustic base, wherein the caustic base is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, for a period of time sufficient to neutralize at least a portion of the naphthenic acids in the feedstock. Thereafter, the aqueous phase is separated from the neutralized refinery feedstock. In another embodiment catalyst is pretreated with a caustic base solution and contacted with refinery feedstock to reducing the total acid number.

The present disclosure relates to a composition, wherein the composition is a catalyst comprising support matrix, active metal, promoter metal and halide, wherein the support matrix is additionally subjected to a modifier to obtain a modified support matrix. The catalyst in the reaction reduces the percentage coke formation and provides for an enhanced reformate yield having an increase total aromatic yield and C8 aromatic yield when compared to the known/commercially available catalyst for naphtha reforming process, and also improves the quality of reformate obtained at end of the reaction. The disclosure further relates to process of preparation of the catalyst, the catalyst of the present disclosure derived from the process described, displays lower deactivation during the reaction demonstrating increased stability and reduction in the regeneration frequency and thereby making the catalyst economically feasible.

The present disclosure relates to a composition, wherein the composition is a catalyst comprising support matrix, active metal, promoter metal and halide, wherein the support matrix is additionally subjected to a modifier to obtain a modified support matrix. The catalyst in the reaction reduces the percentage coke formation and provides for an enhanced reformate yield having an increase total aromatic yield and C8 aromatic yield when compared to the known/commercially available catalyst for naphtha reforming process, and also improves the quality of reformate obtained at end of the reaction. The disclosure further relates to process of preparation of the catalyst, the catalyst of the present disclosure derived from the process described, displays lower deactivation during the reaction demonstrating increased stability and reduction in the regeneration frequency and thereby making the catalyst economically feasible.

A catalyst is provided. The catalyst includes a carrier and a metal. The carrier is represented by a formula: M.sub.xAl.sub.(1-x)O.sub.(3-x)/2, where M is an alkaline earth metal, and x is between 0.09 and 0.24. The metal is loaded on the carrier. A method for manufacturing the catalyst is also provided.

A catalyst is provided. The catalyst includes a carrier and a metal. The carrier is represented by a formula: M.sub.xAl.sub.(1-x)O.sub.(3-x)/2, where M is an alkaline earth metal, and x is between 0.09 and 0.24. The metal is loaded on the carrier. A method for manufacturing the catalyst is also provided.

An exhaust system for a compression ignition engine comprising an oxidation catalyst for treating carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HCs) in exhaust gas from the compression ignition engine, wherein the oxidation catalyst comprises: a platinum group metal (PGM) component selected from the group consisting of a platinum (Pt) component, a palladium (Pd) component and a combination thereof; an alkaline earth metal component; a support material comprising a modified alumina incorporating a heteroatom component; and a substrate, wherein the platinum group metal (PGM) component, the alkaline earth metal component and the support material are disposed on the substrate.

An exhaust system for a compression ignition engine comprising an oxidation catalyst for treating carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HCs) in exhaust gas from the compression ignition engine, wherein the oxidation catalyst comprises: a platinum group metal (PGM) component selected from the group consisting of a platinum (Pt) component, a palladium (Pd) component and a combination thereof; an alkaline earth metal component; a support material comprising a modified alumina incorporating a heteroatom component; and a substrate, wherein the platinum group metal (PGM) component, the alkaline earth metal component and the support material are disposed on the substrate.

A NO.sub.x trap composition, and its use in an exhaust system for internal combustion engines, is disclosed. NO.sub.x trap composition comprises a platinum group metal, barium, cobalt, and a magnesia-alumina support. The NO.sub.x trap composition is less prone to storage deactivation and exhibits reduced N.sub.2O formation.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of a method and system for converting ethanol to para-xylene. The method also provides a pathway to produce terephthalic acid from biomass-based feedstocks. In some embodiments, the disclosed method produces p-xylene with high selectivity over other aromatics typically produced in the conversion of ethanol to xylenes, such as m-xylene, ethyl benzene, benzene, toluene, and the like. And, in some embodiments, the method facilitates the ability to use ortho/para mixtures of methylbenzyaldehyde for preparing ortho/para xylene product mixtures that are amendable to fractionation to separate the para- and ortho-xylene products thereby providing a pure feedstock of para-xylene that can be used to form terephthalic anhydride and a pure feedstock of ortho-xylene that can be used for other purposes, such as phthalic anhydride.

A production method comprises the steps of obtaining a mixed slurry by adding an alumina component and at least one selected from an alumina component and a clay mineral to a binder containing a silicon oxide; obtaining a metal trapping precursor by mixing the mixed slurry with a compound of a first metal component and heating the mixed slurry of metal component; and obtaining a metal trapping by drying and calcining the metal trapping precursor. A metal trapping comprises: a binder mainly containing silicon oxide, one or two selected from an alumina component and a clay mineral, and an oxide of a first metal component; having no peak of silicate of the first metal component detected in X-ray diffraction analysis, having an attrition resistance index CAI within a predetermined range. A fluid catalytic cracking catalyst comprises the metal trapping, a zeolite component, a binder component, and a clay mineral component.