The present invention relates to a process for preparing an ester having formula R—COO—R′ (I), wherein R represents a group selected from: (i) a linear or branched alkyl, containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, (ii) an aryl containing from 6 to 12 carbon atoms, (iii) a heterocycle with 4 to 12 carbon atoms containing at least one heteroatom selected from O, N, P and S, R′ represents a linear or branched alkyl containing from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, said process comprising at least a phase of reacting a reaction mixture comprising at least one aldehyde having formula R—CHO (II), wherein R has the meanings defined above, and at least one alcohol having general formula R′—OH (III), wherein R′ has the meanings defined above, in the presence of at least one solid basic catalyst, at a temperature within the range of 120° C.-300° C., obtaining said ester having formula (I).

The present invention relates to a process for preparing an ester having formula R—COO—R′ (I), wherein R represents a group selected from: (i) a linear or branched alkyl, containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, (ii) an aryl containing from 6 to 12 carbon atoms, (iii) a heterocycle with 4 to 12 carbon atoms containing at least one heteroatom selected from O, N, P and S, R′ represents a linear or branched alkyl containing from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, said process comprising at least a phase of reacting a reaction mixture comprising at least one aldehyde having formula R—CHO (II), wherein R has the meanings defined above, and at least one alcohol having general formula R′—OH (III), wherein R′ has the meanings defined above, in the presence of at least one solid basic catalyst, at a temperature within the range of 120° C.-300° C., obtaining said ester having formula (I).

Methods for steam reforming with a red mud catalyst support composition, one method including providing a methane feed and a steam feed to react over the red mud catalyst support composition at increased temperature and increased pressure to produce synthesis gas comprising H.sub.2 and CO, the composition comprising red mud material produced from an alumina extraction process from bauxite ore.

A manufacturing method of carbon nanofibers at a high activity is provided. Further, carbon nanofibers produced by the manufacturing method and being excellent in electric conductivity, crystallinity and dispersibility is provided. By a manufacturing method of carbon nanofibers in which an active species including cobalt as a chief component is employed as a catalyst and carbon monoxide is used as a carbon source, wherein said catalyst has 3 to 150 mass % of said active species carried on a carrier composed of a magnesium-containing oxide having a specific surface area of 0.01 to 5 m.sup.2/g, and a reaction temperature, partial pressure of carbon monoxide and a flow rate of raw material gas is controlled, CNFs that are excellent in electric conductivity, crystallinity and dispersibility can be manufactured at high activity, so that carbon nanofibers that is excellent in electric conductivity, crystallinity and dispersibility is obtained.

A manufacturing method of carbon nanofibers at a high activity is provided. Further, carbon nanofibers produced by the manufacturing method and being excellent in electric conductivity, crystallinity and dispersibility is provided. By a manufacturing method of carbon nanofibers in which an active species including cobalt as a chief component is employed as a catalyst and carbon monoxide is used as a carbon source, wherein said catalyst has 3 to 150 mass % of said active species carried on a carrier composed of a magnesium-containing oxide having a specific surface area of 0.01 to 5 m.sup.2/g, and a reaction temperature, partial pressure of carbon monoxide and a flow rate of raw material gas is controlled, CNFs that are excellent in electric conductivity, crystallinity and dispersibility can be manufactured at high activity, so that carbon nanofibers that is excellent in electric conductivity, crystallinity and dispersibility is obtained.

The present invention relates to a high-performance polyoxometalate catalyst and a method of preparing the same. More particularly, the present invention provides a high-performance polyoxometalate catalyst, the activity and selectivity of which may be improved by controlling the content of vanadium and the like and which has superior reproducibility and may unsaturated carboxylic acid from unsaturated aldehyde in a high yield for a long time, a method of preparing the same, and the like.

The present invention relates to a high-performance polyoxometalate catalyst and a method of preparing the same. More particularly, the present invention provides a high-performance polyoxometalate catalyst, the activity and selectivity of which may be improved by controlling the content of vanadium and the like and which has superior reproducibility and may unsaturated carboxylic acid from unsaturated aldehyde in a high yield for a long time, a method of preparing the same, and the like.

There is provided a method for producing an optionally substituted olefin, comprising the steps of: dehydrogenating an optionally substituted alcohol in a first reaction zone comprising a first catalyst supported on a porous silica-based particle to form an optionally substituted carbonyl at a first set of reaction conditions; converting the optionally substituted alcohol and the optionally substituted carbonyl from the first reaction zone in a second reaction zone at a second set of reaction conditions that is different to the first set of reaction conditions and is selected to form the optionally substituted olefin, wherein the second reaction zone comprises a second catalyst supported on a porous silica-based particle. There is also provided a system for producing the optionally substituted olefin.

There is provided a method for producing an optionally substituted olefin, comprising the steps of: dehydrogenating an optionally substituted alcohol in a first reaction zone comprising a first catalyst supported on a porous silica-based particle to form an optionally substituted carbonyl at a first set of reaction conditions; converting the optionally substituted alcohol and the optionally substituted carbonyl from the first reaction zone in a second reaction zone at a second set of reaction conditions that is different to the first set of reaction conditions and is selected to form the optionally substituted olefin, wherein the second reaction zone comprises a second catalyst supported on a porous silica-based particle. There is also provided a system for producing the optionally substituted olefin.

The present disclosure relates to chemical catalysts and methods that may be used for the production and/or interconversion of olefins. In some embodiments, methods for producing propylene from ethylene and butene comprising, (a) obtaining a catalyst composition comprising an isomerization catalyst and a disproportionation catalyst, wherein the weight ratio of the isomerization catalyst to the disproportionation catalyst is from 10:1 to 1:10; and (b) reacting butene with ethylene at a temperature from about 500° F. (260° C.) to about 650° F. (350° C.) in the presence of the catalyst composition under conditions sufficient to produce propylene are provided.