Redox catalysts having surface medication, methods of making redox catalysts with surface modification, and uses of the surface modified redox catalysts are provided. In some aspects, the redox catalysts include a core oxygen carrier region such as CaMnO.sub.3, BaMnO.sub.3-, SrMnO.sub.3-, Mn.sub.2SiO.sub.4, Mn.sub.2MgO.sub.4-, La.sub.0.8Sr.sub.0.2O.sub.3-, La.sub.0.8Sr.sub.0.2FeO.sub.3-, Ca.sub.9Ti.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.9O.sub.3-, Pr.sub.6O.sub.11-, manganese ore, or a combination thereof; and an outer shell having an average thickness of about 1-100 monolayers surrounding the outer surface of the core region. The outer shell can include, for example a salt selected such as Li.sub.2WO.sub.4, Na.sub.2WO.sub.4, K.sub.2WO.sub.4, SrWO.sub.4, Li.sub.2MoO.sub.4, Na.sub.2MoO.sub.4, K.sub.2MoO.sub.4, CsMoO.sub.4, Li.sub.2CO.sub.3, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, K.sub.2CO.sub.3, or a combination thereof.

Provided are a catalyst structure for ozone decomposition including a support containing a porous inorganic material, and an -MnO.sub.2 catalyst located on at least a portion of inner pores and a surface of the support, an air-cleaning method using the same, and an air-cleaning device and an air-cleaning system each including the catalyst structure for ozone decomposition.

Provided are a catalyst structure for ozone decomposition including a support containing a porous inorganic material, and an -MnO.sub.2 catalyst located on at least a portion of inner pores and a surface of the support, an air-cleaning method using the same, and an air-cleaning device and an air-cleaning system each including the catalyst structure for ozone decomposition.

Redox catalysts having surface medication, methods of making redox catalysts with surface modification, and uses of the surface modified redox catalysts are provided. In some aspects, the redox catalysts include a core oxygen carrier region and an outer shell having an average thickness of about 1-100 monolayers surrounding the outer surface of the core region.

Redox catalysts having surface medication, methods of making redox catalysts with surface modification, and uses of the surface modified redox catalysts are provided. In some aspects, the redox catalysts include a core oxygen carrier region and an outer shell having an average thickness of about 1-100 monolayers surrounding the outer surface of the core region.

The present invention relates to a catalyst comprising a carrier substrate of the length L extending between substrate ends a and b and two washcoat zones A and B, wherein washcoat zone A comprises a redox active base metal and palladium supported on a zeolite and/or refractory oxide support and extends starting from substrate end a over a part of the length L, and washcoat zone B comprises the same components as washcoat A and an additional amount of palladium and extends from substrate end b over a part of the length L, wherein L=L.sub.A+L.sub.B, wherein L.sub.A is the length of washcoat zone A and L.sub.B is the length of substrate length B.

Metal oxides-silica composite materials are synthesized by a co-precipitation method to serve as modified catalysts for converting ethanol into four-carbon hydrocarbons. The method includes mixing a liquid-phase silicon source and a metal precursor at different ratios so as to change the acid-base composition of the composite materials and thereby increase selectivity with respect to the four-carbon products.

Disclosed is a method for preparing 2,2-dipyridine and derivatives thereof. The method includes: using pyridine represented by formula I or a derivative thereof as a raw material to generate 2,2-dipyridine represented by formula II by performing dehydrogenative coupling under the action of a supported catalyst in the presence of additives, where R is H, C.sub.1-C.sub.2 alkyl, Cl, or Br. The method of the present invention features wide adaptability to raw materials, high atomic utilization rate, high catalyst activity, long service life, and fewer by-products.

Disclosed is a method for preparing 2,2-dipyridine and derivatives thereof. The method includes: using pyridine represented by formula I or a derivative thereof as a raw material to generate 2,2-dipyridine represented by formula II by performing dehydrogenative coupling under the action of a supported catalyst in the presence of additives, where R is H, C.sub.1-C.sub.2 alkyl, Cl, or Br. The method of the present invention features wide adaptability to raw materials, high atomic utilization rate, high catalyst activity, long service life, and fewer by-products.

A catalyst composition for the production of carbon nanotubes (CNT) with controlled morphology is disclosed. The catalyst is represented by formula [(M.sub.xMn.sub.y)Mo.sub.z][binary metal oxide].sub.(100(x+y+z)), where x is in the range 1 to 25 wt %, y is in the range 0.1 to 20 wt %, and z is in the range 0.0 to 10 wt %. Further M represents either iron or cobalt or nickel along with manganese and molybdenum supported on binary metal oxides comprising of boron, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, calcium, barium, and combination thereof. The CNT morphology can be tailor-made with the plural combination of nature of metal and promoters in appropriate proportions. The process yields the CNT with bulk density in the range of 0.01 to 0.20 g/cc, diameter in the range of 5 to 30 nm and purity greater than 95 wt %.