A metal trap for an FCC catalyst include pre-formed microspheres impregnated with a salt of calcium and/or magnesium and an organic acid salt of a rare earth element.

A packed bed catalyst in a pressurized vessel/reactor during contact with a dioxide species precursor enhances catalytic conversion of the precursor to the dioxide species, compared with the same catalytic conversion performed in a non-pressurized vessel/reactor.

A packed bed catalyst in a pressurized vessel/reactor during contact with a dioxide species precursor enhances catalytic conversion of the precursor to the dioxide species, compared with the same catalytic conversion performed in a non-pressurized vessel/reactor.

Disclosed are methods for preparing cannabigerol (CBG) or a CBG analog, embodiments of the method comprising providing a compound (I); combining the compound (I) with geraniol and a solvent to form a reaction mixture; and combining the reaction mixture with an acid catalyst to form a product mixture comprising the CBG or the CBG homolog. The method may further comprise separating the CBG or the CBG analog from the product mixture and may further comprise purifying the CBG or CBG analog. Methods for preparing cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) or a cannabigerolic acid analog are also disclosed. The present disclosure also provides highly purity CBG, CBGA, and analogs thereof.

Disclosed are methods for preparing cannabigerol (CBG) or a CBG analog, embodiments of the method comprising providing a compound (I); combining the compound (I) with geraniol and a solvent to form a reaction mixture; and combining the reaction mixture with an acid catalyst to form a product mixture comprising the CBG or the CBG homolog. The method may further comprise separating the CBG or the CBG analog from the product mixture and may further comprise purifying the CBG or CBG analog. Methods for preparing cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) or a cannabigerolic acid analog are also disclosed. The present disclosure also provides highly purity CBG, CBGA, and analogs thereof.

Catalysts for the direct decomposition of NO are provided. The catalysts comprise SiO.sub.2 pillared magadiite or ilerite comprising intercalated Cu, Fe or Mn oxide. Methods and systems for using the catalysts to directly decompose NO are also provided.

A method of producing a synthetic functionalized additive including the steps of mixing an amount of a magnesium salt with a fluid medium to produce a magnesium-containing fluid, adding an amount of a silane to the magnesium-containing fluid to produce a reactant mix, adding an amount of an aqueous hydroxide to the reactant mix to produce a reaction mixture, mixing the reaction mixture for a mix period, refluxing the reaction mixture for a reflux period to produce a product mix, treating the product mix to separate the synthetic functionalized additive.

A reactor for reducing the concentration of NOx in a stream comprising: an inlet for the stream; an outlet for a stream containing a reduced concentration of NOx; one or more catalyst beds comprising a ceramic or metallic foam with a NOx reduction catalyst; one or more flow paths from the inlet to the outlet that passes through at least one catalyst bed wherein the catalyst beds are closed at the top and bottom so that the flow path through the catalyst bed passes through the sides of the catalyst bed in a lateral flow is described.

A reactor for reducing the concentration of NOx in a stream comprising: an inlet for the stream; an outlet for a stream containing a reduced concentration of NOx; one or more catalyst beds comprising a ceramic or metallic foam with a NOx reduction catalyst; one or more flow paths from the inlet to the outlet that passes through at least one catalyst bed wherein the catalyst beds are closed at the top and bottom so that the flow path through the catalyst bed passes through the sides of the catalyst bed in a lateral flow is described.

Disclosed herein is a fluid catalyst cracking (FCC) catalyst composition that includes a first component and a second component. The first component includes zeolite Y and a first matrix that includes a metal passivating constituent. The second component includes beta zeolite and a second matrix. Also disclosed herein are methods of preparing the FCC catalyst composition and method of using the FCC catalyst composition.