In an embodiment, a system includes a three-dimensional (3D) printer, a neutral feedstock, a p-doped feedstock, an n-doped feedstock, and a laser. The 3D printer includes a platen and an enclosure. The platen includes an inert metal. The enclosure includes an inert atmosphere. The neutral feedstock is configured to be deposited onto the platen. The neutral feedstock includes a halogenated solution and a nanoparticle having a negative electron affinity. The p-doped feedstock is configured to be deposited onto the platen. The p-doped feedstock includes a boronated compound introduced to the neutral feedstock. The n-doped feedstock is configured to be deposited onto the platen. The n-doped feedstock includes a phosphorous compound introduced to the neutral feedstock. The laser is configured to induce the nanoparticle to emit solvated electrons into the halogenated solution to form, by reduction, layers of a ceramic comprising a neutral layer, a p-doped layer, and an n-doped layer.

A SCR catalyst composition comprises a SCR catalyst; and a binder comprising a porous inorganic material, wherein the porous inorganic material comprises a disordered arrangement of delaminated layers, has a disordered porous structure, and has a multimodal pore size distribution comprising at least a first modal maximum having a macroporous or mesoporous pore size and a second modal maximum having a microporous pore size. The SCR catalyst composition can be manufactured using the method comprising the steps of: (i) providing an inorganic material having a layered structure; (ii) contacting the material with a cationic surfactant to form a swollen material; (iii) agitating the swollen material to form an agitated material; and (iv) calcining the agitated material to recover a delaminated inorganic material, wherein an SCR catalyst is mixed with the inorganic material prior to step (iv).

A SCR catalyst composition comprises a SCR catalyst; and a binder comprising a porous inorganic material, wherein the porous inorganic material comprises a disordered arrangement of delaminated layers, has a disordered porous structure, and has a multimodal pore size distribution comprising at least a first modal maximum having a macroporous or mesoporous pore size and a second modal maximum having a microporous pore size. The SCR catalyst composition can be manufactured using the method comprising the steps of: (i) providing an inorganic material having a layered structure; (ii) contacting the material with a cationic surfactant to form a swollen material; (iii) agitating the swollen material to form an agitated material; and (iv) calcining the agitated material to recover a delaminated inorganic material, wherein an SCR catalyst is mixed with the inorganic material prior to step (iv).

An electrocatalyst includes a carbon substrate, metal oxide particles dispersed on the carbon substrate, and metal catalyst particles. The metal catalyst particles are metal substitutions in the metal oxide particles, or adsorbed on the metal oxide particles.

An electrocatalyst includes a carbon substrate, metal oxide particles dispersed on the carbon substrate, and metal catalyst particles. The metal catalyst particles are metal substitutions in the metal oxide particles, or adsorbed on the metal oxide particles.

The invention is related to a carbon supported catalyst comprising a carbon-comprising support with a BET surface area in a range from 400 m.sup.2/g to 2000 m.sup.2/g, a modifier comprising at least one mixed metal oxide, comprising niobium and titanium, and/or a mixture, comprising niobium oxide and titanium oxide, a catalytically active metal compound, wherein the catalytically active metal compound is platinum or an alloy comprising platinum and a second metal or an intermetallic compound comprising platinum and a second metal, the second metal being selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel, chromium, copper, palladium, gold, ruthenium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, niobium, iron, vanadium and titanium.

The invention is further related to a process for preparing the carbon supported catalyst.

Ethylene glycol is prepared from a carbohydrate source in a process,

wherein hydrogen, the carbohydrate source, a liquid diluent and a catalyst system are introduced as reactants into a reaction zone;

wherein the catalyst system comprises a tungsten compound and at least one hydrogenolysis metal selected from the groups 8, 9 or 10 of the Periodic Table of the Elements;

wherein the diluent that is introduced into the reaction zone comprises an alkylene glycol; and

wherein the carbohydrate source is reacted with hydrogen in the presence of the catalyst system to yield an ethylene glycol-containing product.

Ethylene glycol is prepared from a carbohydrate source in a process,

wherein hydrogen, the carbohydrate source, a liquid diluent and a catalyst system are introduced as reactants into a reaction zone;

wherein the catalyst system comprises a tungsten compound and at least one hydrogenolysis metal selected from the groups 8, 9 or 10 of the Periodic Table of the Elements;

wherein the diluent that is introduced into the reaction zone comprises an alkylene glycol; and

wherein the carbohydrate source is reacted with hydrogen in the presence of the catalyst system to yield an ethylene glycol-containing product.

This invention relates to a catalyst for use in the preparation of acetic acid through a methanol carbonylation reaction using carbon monoxide, and particularly to a heterogeneous catalyst represented by Rh/C.sub.3N.sub.4 configured such that a complex of a rhodium compound and 3-benzoylpyridine is immobilized on a carbon nitride support.

Some embodiments are directed to a new methodology aimed at preparing highly N-doped mesoporous carbon macroscopic composites, and their use as highly efficient heterogeneous metal-free catalysts in a number of industrially relevant catalytic transformations.