An air sanitizer unit that includes a housing, a substrate, and a light source. The substrate is provided in an interior space of the housing and includes at least one photocatalytic coating on at least one surface that extends along a flow path of airflow through the air sanitizer unit. The light source is disposed within the interior space of the housing in a way such that light produced by the light source activates the at least one photocatalytic coating to purify the airflow. Further, the substrate includes channels for allowing airflow there through, in which a substrate structure defining the channels include the photocatalytic coating and the substrate structure defining the channels is configured such that microbes in the airflow are captured on the least one photocatalytic coating at low airflow rates, in which the low airflow rates are airflow rates less than 20 air changes per hour.

A selective catalytic reduction catalyst for the treatment of an exhaust gas stream of a passive ignition engine, the catalyst comprising a porous wall-flow filter substrate comprising an inlet end, an outlet end, a substrate axial length (w) extending between the inlet end and the outlet end, and a plurality of passages defined by porous internal walls of the porous wall flow filter substrate; wherein the catalyst further comprises a first coating, said first coating extending over x % of the substrate axial length from the inlet end toward the outlet end of the substrate, x being in the range of from 10 to 100, wherein the first coating comprises copper and an 8-membered ring pore zeolitic material; wherein the catalyst further comprises a second coating, the second coating extending over y % of the substrate axial length from the outlet end toward the inlet end of the substrate, y being in the range of from 20 to 90, wherein the second coating comprises copper, and optionally an 8-membered ring pore zeolitic material; wherein the catalyst optionally further comprises a third coating; wherein x+y is at least 90; wherein y % of w from the outlet end toward the inlet end of the substrate define the outlet zone of the coated substrate and (100−y) % of w from the inlet end toward the outlet end of the substrate define the inlet zone of the coated substrate; wherein the ratio of the loading of copper in the inlet zone, Cu(in), calculated as CuO, relative to the loading of copper in the outlet zone, Cu(out), calculated as CuO, Cu(in):Cu(out), is less than 1:1.

A selective catalytic reduction catalyst for the treatment of an exhaust gas stream of a passive ignition engine, the catalyst comprising a porous wall-flow filter substrate comprising an inlet end, an outlet end, a substrate axial length (w) extending between the inlet end and the outlet end, and a plurality of passages defined by porous internal walls of the porous wall flow filter substrate; wherein the catalyst further comprises a first coating, said first coating extending over x % of the substrate axial length from the inlet end toward the outlet end of the substrate, x being in the range of from 10 to 100, wherein the first coating comprises copper and an 8-membered ring pore zeolitic material; wherein the catalyst further comprises a second coating, the second coating extending over y % of the substrate axial length from the outlet end toward the inlet end of the substrate, y being in the range of from 20 to 90, wherein the second coating comprises copper, and optionally an 8-membered ring pore zeolitic material; wherein the catalyst optionally further comprises a third coating; wherein x+y is at least 90; wherein y % of w from the outlet end toward the inlet end of the substrate define the outlet zone of the coated substrate and (100−y) % of w from the inlet end toward the outlet end of the substrate define the inlet zone of the coated substrate; wherein the ratio of the loading of copper in the inlet zone, Cu(in), calculated as CuO, relative to the loading of copper in the outlet zone, Cu(out), calculated as CuO, Cu(in):Cu(out), is less than 1:1.

The production method according to the present disclosure comprises obtaining a product containing the fluoroethane from a fluoroethylene by a reaction in the presence of catalysts. Each catalyst is formed by supporting a noble metal on a carrier. A reactor for performing the reaction is filled with a catalyst having a noble metal concentration of C1 mass % based on the entire catalyst and a catalyst having a noble metal concentration of C2 mass % based on the entire catalyst to form an upstream portion and a downstream portion, respectively; and C1<C2. The reaction is performed by bringing the fluoroethylene represented by formula (3) and hydrogen gas into contact with the upstream portion and the downstream portion in this order.

A ceramic porous body including: skeleton portions including an aggregate and at least one bonding material; and pore portions formed between the skeleton portions, the pore portions being capable of allowing a fluid to flow therethrough, wherein the pore portions have a pore volume ratio of pores having a pore diameter of from 10 to 15 μm, of from 4 to 17%.

A ceramic porous body including: skeleton portions including an aggregate and at least one bonding material; and pore portions formed between the skeleton portions, the pore portions being capable of allowing a fluid to flow therethrough, wherein the pore portions have a pore volume ratio of pores having a pore diameter of from 10 to 15 μm, of from 4 to 17%.

A method of producing bifunctional catalyst systems that include a carbon-coated metal catalyst may comprise: coating a metal catalyst particle with a carbon-containing small molecule to produce a coated metal catalyst particle; carbonizing the carbon-containing small molecule on the coated metal catalyst particle to produce a carbon-coated metal catalyst particle; and mixing the carbon-coated metal catalyst particle with an acid catalyst particle to produce an acid/metal bifunctional catalyst system. Further, a method of producing bifunctional catalyst systems that include a carbon-coated acid catalyst may be similarly performed by coating a metal catalyst particle with a carbon-containing small molecule to produce a coated metal catalyst particle; carbonizing the carbon-containing small molecule on the coated metal catalyst particle to produce a carbon-coated metal catalyst particle; and mixing the carbon-coated metal catalyst particle with an acid catalyst particle to produce an acid/metal bifunctional catalyst system.

A method of producing bifunctional catalyst systems that include a carbon-coated metal catalyst may comprise: coating a metal catalyst particle with a carbon-containing small molecule to produce a coated metal catalyst particle; carbonizing the carbon-containing small molecule on the coated metal catalyst particle to produce a carbon-coated metal catalyst particle; and mixing the carbon-coated metal catalyst particle with an acid catalyst particle to produce an acid/metal bifunctional catalyst system. Further, a method of producing bifunctional catalyst systems that include a carbon-coated acid catalyst may be similarly performed by coating a metal catalyst particle with a carbon-containing small molecule to produce a coated metal catalyst particle; carbonizing the carbon-containing small molecule on the coated metal catalyst particle to produce a carbon-coated metal catalyst particle; and mixing the carbon-coated metal catalyst particle with an acid catalyst particle to produce an acid/metal bifunctional catalyst system.

The present invention aims to provide a method by which fluorine-containing sulfide compounds, particularly sulfide compounds that contain hydrogen and fluorine, can be produced in a simple, low-cost and industrial manner. Provided is a method of producing a fluorine-containing sulfide compound represented by the following formula (2):
(F).sub.n-A.sup.3-S-A.sup.4-(F).sub.m  (2)
(wherein A.sup.3 and A.sup.4 are independently an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group with a carbon number of 1 to 3; n and m represent the numbers of fluorine atoms binding to A.sup.3 and A.sup.4, with n+m=1 to 13 being satisfied), comprising reacting a chlorine-containing sulfide compound represented by the following formula (1):
(Cl).sub.n-A.sup.1-S-A.sup.2-(Cl).sub.m  (1)
(wherein A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are independently an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group with a carbon number of 1 to 3; n and m represent the numbers of chlorine atoms binding to A.sup.1 and A.sup.2, with n+m=1 to 13 being satisfied) and a fluorinating agent.

The present invention aims to provide a method by which fluorine-containing sulfide compounds, particularly sulfide compounds that contain hydrogen and fluorine, can be produced in a simple, low-cost and industrial manner. Provided is a method of producing a fluorine-containing sulfide compound represented by the following formula (2):
(F).sub.n-A.sup.3-S-A.sup.4-(F).sub.m  (2)
(wherein A.sup.3 and A.sup.4 are independently an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group with a carbon number of 1 to 3; n and m represent the numbers of fluorine atoms binding to A.sup.3 and A.sup.4, with n+m=1 to 13 being satisfied), comprising reacting a chlorine-containing sulfide compound represented by the following formula (1):
(Cl).sub.n-A.sup.1-S-A.sup.2-(Cl).sub.m  (1)
(wherein A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are independently an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group with a carbon number of 1 to 3; n and m represent the numbers of chlorine atoms binding to A.sup.1 and A.sup.2, with n+m=1 to 13 being satisfied) and a fluorinating agent.