The present invention is directed to both stoichiometric and sub-stoichiometric high entropy aluminate spinels as a novel high entropy oxide (HEO) crystal phase. Previously reported HEOs are overwhelmingly stoichiometric structures containing a single cationic site and are stabilized solely by intermixing increasing numbers of cations. According to an aspect of the invention, sub-stoichiometric spinels, containing various mixtures of divalent metal cations and cationic vacancies in nominally equimolar concentration, provide entropic stabilization similarly to cations in stoichiometric spinels. The chromatic, structural, and chemical properties of these complex spinels are highly tunable via incorporation of cationic vacancies and multiple divalent metals, enabling their application as unique pigments, catalysts, and thermal coatings.

Embodiments of the present invention relates to two improved catalysts and associated processes that directly converts carbon dioxide and hydrogen to liquid fuels. The catalytic converter is comprised of two catalysts in series that are operated at the same pressures to directly produce synthetic liquid fuels or synthetic natural gas. The carbon conversion efficiency for CO.sub.2 to liquid fuels is greater than 45%. The fuel is distilled into a premium diesel fuels (approximately 70 volume %) and naphtha (approximately 30 volume %) which are used directly as “drop-in” fuels without requiring any further processing. Any light hydrocarbons that are present with the carbon dioxide are also converted directly to fuels. This process is directly applicable to the conversion of CO.sub.2 collected from ethanol plants, cement plants, power plants, biogas, carbon dioxide/hydrocarbon mixtures from secondary oil recovery, and other carbon dioxide/hydrocarbon streams. The catalyst system is durable, efficient and maintains a relatively constant level of fuel productivity over long periods of time without requiring re-activation or replacement.

When the porous ceramic structure contains Co together with Fe or Mn, the Co content is higher than or equal to 0.1 mass % and lower than or equal to 3.0 mass % in terms of Co.sub.3O.sub.4, and when the porous ceramic structure contains Co without containing Fe and Mn, the Co content is higher than or equal to 0.2 mass % and lower than or equal to 6.0 mass % in terms of Co.sub.3O.sub.4. The Ce content is higher than or equal to 0.1 mass % and lower than or equal to 10 mass % in terms of CeO.sub.2. The Fe/Mn/Co ratio is higher than or equal to 0.8 and lower than or equal to 9.5. The content of the metal oxide particles is higher than or equal to 0.3 mass % and lower than or equal to 8.0 mass %.

An oxygen storage material (OSM) includes a zinc manganese iron oxide (ZMF) and an alkali metal base on the ZMF surface. The ZMF has a spinel structure. The alkali metal containing ZMF can be formed to have a weight percent of alkali metal up to about two percent. The alkali metal carbonate is retained on the ZMF surface upon heating to a temperature greater than 1,000° C. and stabilizes the ZMF to the cycling of an oxygen rich and oxygen lean atmosphere. The OSM additionally catalyzes the oxidation of hydrocarbons and CO and catalyzes the reduction of NO.sub.x for use in catalytic converters.

An exhaust gas purification system of the present disclosure includes a first exhaust gas purification device that purifies exhaust gas discharged from an internal combustion engine and a second exhaust gas purification device that additionally purifies the exhaust gas purified by the first exhaust gas purification device, wherein the exhaust gas is exhaust gas with a gaseous composition in which an amount of reducing agents is in excess compared to a stoichiometric gaseous composition and a gaseous composition in which an amount of oxidants is in excess compared to the stoichiometric gaseous composition are alternately switched between, the first exhaust gas purification device includes a three-way catalyst, and the second exhaust gas purification device includes an exhaust gas purification catalyst containing spinel-type MgAl.sub.xFe.sub.2.00−xO.sub.4.00 supporting particles on which Rh is supported, where 0.00<×≤1.50.

The present invention relates to a method of making a support material composition comprising an Mg/AI oxide, a cerium oxide and at least another rare earth element oxide, to a support material composition and to the use of the support material composition as a nitrogen oxide storage component within a catalyst for treating exhaust gases to reduce NOx content.

A process for decomposition of sulfuric acid, particularly a process for catalytically decomposing sulfuric acid is used to obtain sulfur dioxide therefrom. Catalysts are used for improving the dissociation efficiency by lowering the activation energy barrier for the reaction.

A process is incorporated herein for the synthesis of bio-1,2-alkanediols, comprising: providing a bio-alkene having a carbon chain of about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms and a bio-1-alkene regioselectivity of at least about 80%, at least about 92% and/or at least about 95%; and converting the bio-alkene to a bio-1,2-alkanediol having a carbon chain length of about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms. Methods for treating catalysts which may be incorporated in the process for the synthesis of bio-1,2-alkanediols are also included herein. Such bio-1,2-alkanediols are used in compositions and products alone as antimicrobial materials, or with existing bio-compounds and/or antimicrobials, preservatives, alternative preservation systems and/or hurdle technology components. The bio-1,2-alkanediols incorporate a natural and bio-based pathway for antimicrobial effects in various compositions such as cosmetic, pharmaceutical, industrial and household products.

Process for preparing a catalyst containing an active phase based on a group VIII metal and a porous support, comprising the following steps: bringing said support into contact with an organic compound comprising at least oxygen and/or nitrogen; bringing the porous support into contact with a solution containing a precursor of the active phase comprising a group VIII metal; drying the catalyst precursor at a temperature of less than 200° C. so as to obtain a dried catalyst precursor; calcining the dried catalyst precursor at a temperature of between 200° C. and 1100° C. under a stream of inert gas and/or of oxidizing gas, it being understood that the velocity of said gas stream, defined as the mass flow rate of said gas stream per volume of catalyst per hour, is greater than 1 litre per gram of catalyst and per hour.

Embodiments of the present invention relate to two improved catalysts and associated processes that directly convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen to liquid fuels. A catalytic system comprises two catalysts in series that are operated in tandem to directly produce synthetic liquid fuels. The carbon conversion efficiency for CO.sub.2 to liquid fuels is greater than 45%. The fuel is distilled into a premium diesel fuels (approximately 70 volume %) and naphtha (approximately 30 volume %) which are used directly as “drop-in” fuels without requiring any further processing. Any light hydrocarbons that are present with the carbon dioxide are also converted directly to fuels. This process is directly applicable to the conversion of CO.sub.2 collected from ethanol plants, cement plants, power plants, biogas, carbon dioxide/hydrocarbon mixtures from secondary oil recovery, and other carbon dioxide/hydrocarbon streams. The catalyst system is durable, efficient and maintains a relatively constant level of fuel productivity over long periods of time without requiring re-activation or replacement.