A hydroprocessing catalyst or catalyst precursor has been developed. The catalyst is a poorly crystalline transition metal molybdotungstate material or a metal sulfide decomposition product thereof. The hydroprocessing using the crystalline ammonia transition metal molybdotungstate material may include hydrodenitrification, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodemetallation, hydrodesilication, hydrodearomatization, hydroisomerization, hydrotreating, hydrofining, and hydrocracking.

A layered niobate which is used as a photocatalyst. The layered niobate has the formula [H.sub.aA.sub.b].sup.+[Sr.sub.2Nb.sub.3O.sub.10].sup.. [Sr.sub.2Nb.sub.3O.sub.10].sup. forms main layers. [H.sub.aA.sub.b].sup.+ forms interlayers, wherein H includes H.sup.+ and H.sub.3O.sup.+, A is K.sup.+, Cs.sup.+ and Rb.sup.+, 0.6a1, 0b0.4, and a+b=1. The layered niobate has different spacings between the main layers.

Methods for preparing a layered metal nanocomposite and a layered metal nanocomposite. The method includes mixing a magnesium salt and a aluminum salt to form a Mg.sup.2+/Al.sup.3+ solution. The Mg/Al has a molar ratio of between 0.5:1 to 6:1. Then a diamondoid compound is added to the Mg.sup.2+/Al.sup.3+ solution to form a reactant mixture. The diamondoid compound has at least one carboxylic acid moiety. The reactant mixture is heated at a reaction temperature for a reaction time to form a Mg/Al-diamondoid intercalated layered double hydroxide. The Mg/Al-diamondoid intercalated layered double hydroxide is thermally decomposed under a reducing atmosphere for a decomposition time at a decomposition temperature to form the layered metal nanocomposite.

The present invention relates to catalysts, catalyst systems, and processes for the production of valuable light olefins, such as ethylene, from paraffinic hydrocarbons, such as propane, through dehydrogenation and metathesis. The contacting state between dehydrogenation and metathesis catalysts can advantageously be manipulated using an inert or relatively inert coating or outer shell that provides a degree of physical separation between catalytically active centers or inner cores. This has been discovered to significantly increase olefin selectivity (i.e., reduce undesired hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis side reactions) without an appreciable paraffin conversion deficit, such that the overall yield of desired olefinic hydrocarbons such as ethylene is thereby significantly increased.

Embodiments are directed to adamantane-intercalated layered double-hydroxide (LDH) particles and the methods of producing adamantane-intercalated LDH particles. The adamantane-intercalated LDH particles have a general formula defined by [M.sub.1-xAl.sub.x(OH).sub.2](A).sub.x.mH.sub.2O, where x is from 0.14 to 0.33, m is from 0.33 to 0.50, M is chosen from Mg, Ca, Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn, and A is adamantane carboxylate. The adamantane-intercalated LDH particles further have an aspect ratio greater than 100. The aspect ratio is defined by the width of an adamantane-intercalated LDH particle divided by the thickness of the adamantane-intercalated LDH particle.

An oxygen generator has a composition for generating oxygen and an acidic compound and/or a basic compound. The composition for generating oxygen includes an oxygen source, an ionic liquid, a metal oxide compound and/or a metal salt, and optionally a basic compound. The oxygen source is a peroxide compound, the ionic liquid is in the liquid state at least in a temperature range from 10 C. to +50 C., the metal oxide compound is an oxide of a single metal or of two or more different metals selected from the metals of groups 2 to 14 of the periodic table of the elements. The metal salt has a single metal or two or more different metals, and an organic and/or an inorganic anion. There is also described a method for controlling the oxygen production rate of the oxygen generator, and a device for generating oxygen in a controlled manner.

Methods for preparing a layered metal nanocomposite and a layered metal nanocomposite. The method includes mixing a magnesium salt and a aluminum salt to form a Mg.sup.2+/Al.sup.3+ solution. The Mg/Al has a molar ratio of between 0.5:1 to 6:1. Then a diamondoid compound is added to the Mg.sup.2+/Al.sup.3+ solution to form a reactant mixture. The diamondoid compound has at least one carboxylic acid moiety. The reactant mixture is heated at a reaction temperature for a reaction time to form a Mg/Al-diamondoid intercalated layered double hydroxide. The Mg/Al-diamondoid intercalated layered double hydroxide is thermally decomposed under a reducing atmosphere for a decomposition time at a decomposition temperature to form the layered metal nanocomposite.

The present invention relates to a catalyst for selective hydrodesulphurization of cracked naphtha streams in the form of an extrudate, which comprises a support based on an inorganic oxide and an outer layer bound to the support, wherein the outer layer comprises desulphurization metals dispersed therein forming a crown, the desulphurization metals being cobalt and molybdenum. The present invention also relates to the preparation of said catalyst by the incipient wetness impregnation method and to the process for selective hydrodesulphurization of cracked naphtha employing same.

The present disclosure relates to a method for producing lanthanide doped layered double hydroxides (Ln-doped LDHs). The method includes the steps of preparing a carbonate free alkaline solution; preparing a solution of metal salts comprising a salt of a lanthanide; co-precipitating the alkaline solution and the solution of metal salts to form a mixture and Ln-doped LDH precipitate wherein the pH of the mixture is maintained at a constant value; aging the precipitate; and separating the precipitate from the solution. The alkaline solution is an aqueous ammonia solution. The present disclosure is also related to lanthanide-doped layered double hydroxides (La-doped LDHs) obtainable by such a method, as well as to the use of the lanthanide-doped layered double hydroxides obtainable by such a method.

The present subject matter relates to the development of active catalyst composite based on supported transition metal oxides, especially, Cu, Co that are effective in the removal sulfides in the diluted spent caustic. The process for the reduction of sulfides in spent caustic comprises of reacting various organic and inorganic sulfides with molecular oxygen in the presence of active catalyst at various reaction temperatures ranging ambient to 200 C. and pressures between atmospheric pressure to 60 bars. The process also relates to complete scheme for the removal of sulfides in spent caustic.