A fuel synthesis catalyst of an embodiment for hydrogenating a gas includes at least one selected from the group consisting of; carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, the catalyst comprising, a base material containing at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of; Al.sub.2O.sub.3, MgO, TiO.sub.2, and SiO.sub.2, first metals containing at least one metal selected from the group consisting of; Ni, Co, Fe, and Cu and brought into contact with the base material, and a first oxide containing at least one selected from the group consisting of; CeO.sub.2, ZrO.sub.2, TiO.sub.2, and SiO.sub.2 and having an interface with each of the first metals and the base material. The first metals exist on an outer surface of the base material, and on a surface of the base material in fine pores having opening ends on the outer surface of the base material and inside the base material. The first metals and the first oxide exist in the fine pores. The first metals have interfaces with the base material in the fine pores. The first metals exist inside the base material.

A method for cracking hydrocarbon includes providing a feedstock comprising steam and hydrocarbon, and feeding the feedstock into a device having an inner surface accessible to the feedstock. The inner surface includes a compound of formula A.sub.n+1B.sub.nO.sub.3n+1, wherein A includes at least one alkaline earth metal, B includes at least one transition metal, O is oxygen, and 1≦n≦20.

Disclosed are catalysts, methods, and systems for the bi-reforming of hydrocarbons. The method includes contacting a catalyst material with a reactant feed that includes hydrogen (H.sub.2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2), methane (CH.sub.4), and water (H.sub.2O) to produce a product stream that has a H.sub.2/CO molar ratio of 1.4:1 to 2:1. The catalyst can have a metal oxide core, a redox metal oxide layer deposited on a surface of the metal oxide core, and a catalytically active metal deposited on the surface of the redox metal oxide layer. A dopant can be included in the redox metal oxide layer. The catalyst can have a corm-shell type structure.

Disclosed are catalysts, methods, and systems for the bi-reforming of hydrocarbons. The method includes contacting a catalyst material with a reactant feed that includes hydrogen (H.sub.2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2), methane (CH.sub.4), and water (H.sub.2O) to produce a product stream that has a H.sub.2/CO molar ratio of 1.4:1 to 2:1. The catalyst can have a metal oxide core, a redox metal oxide layer deposited on a surface of the metal oxide core, and a catalytically active metal deposited on the surface of the redox metal oxide layer. A dopant can be included in the redox metal oxide layer. The catalyst can have a corm-shell type structure.

The present disclosure provides a process for the synthesis of isobutyl benzene by side chain alkylation of toluene in the presence of a catalyst. The catalyst used in the process of present disclosure provides maximum conversion of toluene with high selectivity towards isobutyl benzene.

The present disclosure provides a process for the synthesis of isobutyl benzene by side chain alkylation of toluene in the presence of a catalyst. The catalyst used in the process of present disclosure provides maximum conversion of toluene with high selectivity towards isobutyl benzene.

An object of the present invention is to provide a method for a carbon nanofiber composite, which can obtain a carbon nanofiber composite with high productivity and high activity, and which does not require removal of fluidizing materials or dispersing materials. The present invention also provides a carbon nanofiber composite having improved dispersibility. The method for producing the carbon nanofiber composite includes bringing at least one catalyst and at least one particulate carbon material into contact with at least one gas containing at least one gaseous carbon-containing compound while mechanically stirring the catalyst and the particulate carbon material in a reactor. The carbon nanofiber composite includes carbon nanofibers and at least one particulate carbon material, wherein the particulate carbon material has 70% by volume or more of particles with a particle diameter of 1 μm or less, and/or a median diameter D50 by volume of 1 μm or less.

An object of the present invention is to provide a method for a carbon nanofiber composite, which can obtain a carbon nanofiber composite with high productivity and high activity, and which does not require removal of fluidizing materials or dispersing materials. The present invention also provides a carbon nanofiber composite having improved dispersibility. The method for producing the carbon nanofiber composite includes bringing at least one catalyst and at least one particulate carbon material into contact with at least one gas containing at least one gaseous carbon-containing compound while mechanically stirring the catalyst and the particulate carbon material in a reactor. The carbon nanofiber composite includes carbon nanofibers and at least one particulate carbon material, wherein the particulate carbon material has 70% by volume or more of particles with a particle diameter of 1 μm or less, and/or a median diameter D50 by volume of 1 μm or less.

A system and related methods for the production of lime sorbent compositions from a calcium carbonate feedstock formed using flash calcination to produce the intermediate calcium oxide material.

The presently claimed invention provides a layered catalytic article and an exhaust system. The catalytic article comprises a first layer comprising platinum, a first platinum group metal component other than platinum, a ceria-alumina composite, and an oxygen storage component; wherein platinum is supported on the ceria-alumina component; the platinum group metal component is selected from palladium, rhodium or a combination thereof and the platinum group metal component is supported on the oxygen storage component; a second layer comprising a second platinum group metal component; and a refractory alumina component, an oxygen storage component or a combination thereof; wherein the second platinum group component is selected from platinum, palladium, rhodium or a combination thereof; and a substrate, wherein the amount of platinum is 10 to 80 wt. %, based on the total weight of platinum, palladium and rhodium. The presently claimed invention also provides a process for the preparation of a layered catalytic article and use of the catalytic article and the exhaust system for purifying a gaseous exhaust stream comprising hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides.