The present invention relates to catalysts, catalyst systems, and processes for the production of valuable light olefins, such as C.sub.2-C.sub.4 olefins (ethylene, propylene, and/or butenes) from paraffinic hydrocarbons, such as propane, through dehydrogenation and metathesis. Some particular aspects relate to the discovery of non-precious metal catalysts and catalyst systems utilizing such catalysts, for example in the case of being in an admixture with a metathesis catalyst, which advantageously exhibit high performance in terms of activity, selectivity, and stability. Other advantages can include a reduced production of byproducts (e.g., methane and ethane) that result from undesired side reactions, in addition to benefits that may be attained through the addition of a sulfur-bearing compound (e.g., H.sub.2S).

The present invention relates to catalysts, catalyst systems, and processes for the production of valuable light olefins, such as C.sub.2-C.sub.4 olefins (ethylene, propylene, and/or butenes) from paraffinic hydrocarbons, such as propane, through dehydrogenation and metathesis. Some particular aspects relate to the discovery of non-precious metal catalysts and catalyst systems utilizing such catalysts, for example in the case of being in an admixture with a metathesis catalyst, which advantageously exhibit high performance in terms of activity, selectivity, and stability. Other advantages can include a reduced production of byproducts (e.g., methane and ethane) that result from undesired side reactions, in addition to benefits that may be attained through the addition of a sulfur-bearing compound (e.g., H.sub.2S).

A base material includes a base layer. The base layer includes a structured surface. The base layer includes a transition metal and a transition metal oxide, and a sum of the transition metal and a transition metal oxide accounts for at least 90 wt. % of the base layer. The transition metal oxide is concentratedly distributed on the structured surface. The base material is flexible in at least one direction, and has a bending angle of not less than 90° when being bent.

A base material includes a base layer. The base layer includes a structured surface. The base layer includes a transition metal and a transition metal oxide, and a sum of the transition metal and a transition metal oxide accounts for at least 90 wt. % of the base layer. The transition metal oxide is concentratedly distributed on the structured surface. The base material is flexible in at least one direction, and has a bending angle of not less than 90° when being bent.

In a method for capturing carbon, sulfur, and/or nitrogen from a target source, a matrix including activated metal dispersed in a metal activating agent is provided. The target source may be or include a carbon, sulfur, and/or nitrogen target compound. The target source is contacted with the matrix, wherein the activated metal reacts with the target source to produce elemental carbon, elemental sulfur, elemental nitrogen, and/or one or more compounds transformed from the target compound(s). The matrix may be produced by contacting a metal with the metal activating agent, and maintaining contact between the metal and the metal activating agent for a period of time sufficient for metal atoms from the solid metal to disperse in the metal activating agent. The reaction may also produce a metal compound. The activated metal may also be utilized in alkylation and other synthesis processes.

In a method for capturing carbon, sulfur, and/or nitrogen from a target source, a matrix including activated metal dispersed in a metal activating agent is provided. The target source may be or include a carbon, sulfur, and/or nitrogen target compound. The target source is contacted with the matrix, wherein the activated metal reacts with the target source to produce elemental carbon, elemental sulfur, elemental nitrogen, and/or one or more compounds transformed from the target compound(s). The matrix may be produced by contacting a metal with the metal activating agent, and maintaining contact between the metal and the metal activating agent for a period of time sufficient for metal atoms from the solid metal to disperse in the metal activating agent. The reaction may also produce a metal compound. The activated metal may also be utilized in alkylation and other synthesis processes.

This invention relates to a catalyst system comprising (a) at least one layer of a first catalyst comprising a dehydrogenation active metal on a solid support; (b) at least one layer of a second catalyst comprising a metal oxide; and (c) at least one layer of a third catalyst comprising a transition metal on an inorganic support; wherein the at least one layer of a second catalyst is sandwiched between the at least one layer of a first catalyst and the at least one layer of a third catalyst; and a process comprising contacting a hydrocarbon feed with the catalyst system.

An electrochemical electrode comprising a tin-based catalyst, method of making, and method of use are provided. Catalyst particles are prepared which comprise tin deposits of about 0.1 nm to about 10 nm deposited onto carbon support. Preparing an ink comprising the catalyst particles and a binder enable an electrode to be prepared comprising the catalyst particles bound to an electrode substrate. The electrode may then be used in an apparatus and process to reduce carbon dioxide to products such as formate and formic acid at Faradaic Efficiencies up to 95 percent.

An electrochemical electrode comprising a tin-based catalyst, method of making, and method of use are provided. Catalyst particles are prepared which comprise tin deposits of about 0.1 nm to about 10 nm deposited onto carbon support. Preparing an ink comprising the catalyst particles and a binder enable an electrode to be prepared comprising the catalyst particles bound to an electrode substrate. The electrode may then be used in an apparatus and process to reduce carbon dioxide to products such as formate and formic acid at Faradaic Efficiencies up to 95 percent.

The present development is a metal particle coated nanowire catalyst for use in the hydrodesulfurization of fuels and a process for the production of the catalyst. The catalyst comprises titanium(IV) oxide nanowires wherein the nanowires are produced by exposure of a TiO.sub.2—KOH paste to microwave radiation. Metal particles selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, or a combination thereof, are impregnated on the metal oxide nanowire surface. The metal impregnated nanowires are sulfided to produce catalytically-active metal particles on the surface of the nanowires The catalysts of the present invention are intended for use in the removal of thiophenic sulfur from liquid fuels through a hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process in a fixed bed reactor. The presence of nanowires improves the HDS activity and reduces the sintering effect, therefore, the sulfur removal efficiency increases.