Compositions comprising a first metal component and a second metal component wherein the molar ratio of the first metal component to the second metal component is in the range of 1:9 to 9:1, respectively, and wherein a surface of the second metal component is coated with the first metal component, is disclosed. Uses the compositions as catalysts are further disclosed. Electrochemical cells containing the compositions are further disclosed. A process of synthesizing ammonia using the compositions is further disclosed.

A photocatalytic element including: a photocatalytic layer containing at least one photocatalytic material; and a light emitting source in optical communication with the photocatalytic material, the light emitting source disposed sufficiently proximal to the photocatalytic material to raise the surface temperature of at least some of the photocatalytic material to a temperature between 10 C. and 90 C. is provided.

A photocatalytic element including: a photocatalytic layer containing at least one photocatalytic material; and a light emitting source in optical communication with the photocatalytic material, the light emitting source disposed sufficiently proximal to the photocatalytic material to raise the surface temperature of at least some of the photocatalytic material to a temperature between 10 C. and 90 C. is provided.

The present invention relates to an amorphous titanium stannate silicate with the general formula: M.sup.v+.sub.wTi.sub.xSi.sub.ySn.sub.zO.sub.2x+2y+2z+0.5vw, wherein M is proton, ammonium, a metal or a mixture of metals, wherein v is the valence of M being a positive integer, and wherein x, y, z and w are molar ratios: x is 1, y is from 0.01 to 99, z is from 0.01 to 99, and w is from 0.01 to 50. The described titanium stannate silicates are particularly useful in catalysis and adsorption.

The present invention relates to an amorphous titanium stannate silicate with the general formula: M.sup.v+.sub.wTi.sub.xSi.sub.ySn.sub.zO.sub.2x+2y+2z+0.5vw, wherein M is proton, ammonium, a metal or a mixture of metals, wherein v is the valence of M being a positive integer, and wherein x, y, z and w are molar ratios: x is 1, y is from 0.01 to 99, z is from 0.01 to 99, and w is from 0.01 to 50. The described titanium stannate silicates are particularly useful in catalysis and adsorption.

The present invention is a fluids mechanical system for optimizing the catalytic effect of catalytic alloys for the elimination of microbiological contaminants in hydrocarbon fuels, that has catalytic alloy pieces mainly formed of tin and antimony, which are contained in a container that can be a metal tube, a stainless steel mesh or another type of plastic container, characterized in that the volume of the pieces or pellets of catalytic alloy is less than 60 cubic millimeters, preferably between 10 cubic millimeters and 45 cubic millimeters, the pieces having a spherical, disc or irregular shape.

The present invention is a fluids mechanical system for optimizing the catalytic effect of catalytic alloys for the elimination of microbiological contaminants in hydrocarbon fuels, that has catalytic alloy pieces mainly formed of tin and antimony, which are contained in a container that can be a metal tube, a stainless steel mesh or another type of plastic container, characterized in that the volume of the pieces or pellets of catalytic alloy is less than 60 cubic millimeters, preferably between 10 cubic millimeters and 45 cubic millimeters, the pieces having a spherical, disc or irregular shape.

A denitration catalyst for removing nitrogen oxide in an exhaust gas is represented by the following chemical formula: Ba.sub.3Y.sub.(4-x)A.sub.xO.sub.9, wherein A is an element selected from the group consisting of Bi, Sn, Ga, Mn, Ti, and Al; and X is 0.4 or more and 2 or less. A denitration device has the denitration catalyst for removing nitrogen oxide in an exhaust gas discharged from an exhaust gas generation source including a gas engine, a gas turbine, a melting furnace, or a boiler.

The present invention disclosed preparation method of a visible-light-driven CC@SnS.sub.2/SnO.sub.2 composite catalyst, and application thereof, comprising the following steps: preparing CC@SnS.sub.2 composite material in a solvent by using SnCl.sub.4.5H.sub.2O and C.sub.2H.sub.5NS as raw materials and carbon fiber cloth as a supporting material; calcining said CC@SnS.sub.2 composite material to obtain the visible-light-driven CC@SnS.sub.2/SnO.sub.2 composite catalyst. The present invention overcomes defects of the traditional methods of treating chromium-containing wastewater, including chemical precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange resin and electrolysis, and the photocatalytic technology can make full use of solar light source or artificial light source without adding adsorbent or reducing agent. In this case, the use of semiconductor photocatalyst to convert hexavalent chromium in chromium wastewater into less toxic and easily precipitated trivalent chromium greatly reduces the cost and energy consumption.

The present invention disclosed preparation method of a visible-light-driven CC@SnS.sub.2/SnO.sub.2 composite catalyst, and application thereof, comprising the following steps: preparing CC@SnS.sub.2 composite material in a solvent by using SnCl.sub.4.5H.sub.2O and C.sub.2H.sub.5NS as raw materials and carbon fiber cloth as a supporting material; calcining said CC@SnS.sub.2 composite material to obtain the visible-light-driven CC@SnS.sub.2/SnO.sub.2 composite catalyst. The present invention overcomes defects of the traditional methods of treating chromium-containing wastewater, including chemical precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange resin and electrolysis, and the photocatalytic technology can make full use of solar light source or artificial light source without adding adsorbent or reducing agent. In this case, the use of semiconductor photocatalyst to convert hexavalent chromium in chromium wastewater into less toxic and easily precipitated trivalent chromium greatly reduces the cost and energy consumption.