In one embodiment, a composition for use in reforming is provided comprising a catalyst material comprising molybdenum dioxide and/or MO.sub.2 (where M=Mo, W, Ru, Re, Os, Ir) nanoparticles having an average particle size from about 2 nm to about 1,000 nm; and a substrate, wherein both the molybdenum dioxide and/or MO.sub.2 (where M=Mo, W, Ru, Re, Os, Ir) nanoparticles are substantially immobilized on the substrate. In another embodiment an anode for use in a fuel cell is provided comprising the forgoing composition. And in another embodiment a fuel cell is provided comprising the forgoing anode.

Described are base metal catalysts that comprise a base metal material in an amount effective to generate an exotherm over a temperature range of 300 C. to 650 C. and to oxidize soot collected by a downstream particulate filter. The base metal catalysts are substantially free of platinum group metals. Emission treatment systems and methods of remediating nitrogen oxides (NO.sub.x), particulate matter, and gaseous hydrocarbons using base metal catalyst are also described.

Described are base metal catalysts that comprise a base metal material in an amount effective to generate an exotherm over a temperature range of 300 C. to 650 C. and to oxidize soot collected by a downstream particulate filter. The base metal catalysts are substantially free of platinum group metals. Emission treatment systems and methods of remediating nitrogen oxides (NO.sub.x), particulate matter, and gaseous hydrocarbons using base metal catalyst are also described.

Oxidative dehydrogenation of paraffins to olefins provides a lower energy route to produce olefins. Oxidative dehydrogenation processes may be integrated with a number of processes in a chemical plant such as polymerization processes, manufacture of glycols, and carboxylic acids and esters. Additionally, oxidative dehydrogenation processes can be integrated with the back end separation process of a conventional steam cracker to increase capacity at reduced cost.

The present invention relates to a process for depolymerising polyethylene terephthalate (PET), in which method PET is reacted with sodium glycolate or potassium glycolate, which has been obtained by reactive distillation, to form a mixture M.sub.1 including Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET). The process according to the invention is distinguished by the fact that BHET makes up a particularly high proportion of the decomposition products in the mixture M.sub.1. The process according to the invention thus provides a high yield of BHET that can be used directly for producing PET again. The present invention thus also relates to a process for recycling PET, in which the BHET obtained in the process for depolymerising PET is polymerised again to form PET, optionally after being further purified from M.sub.1.

A composition includes a mixture including HF, SbF.sub.5, and olefin selected from 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, a chlorotetrafluoropropene, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 3,3,3-trifluoropropene, and RCXCYZ. X, Y, and Z are independently the same or different and are H, F, Cl, Br, or C1-C6 alkyl which is partially or fully substituted with chloro or fluoro or bromo. At least one of X, Y, and Z is H, Cl, Br, or C1-C6 alkyl which is partially or fully substituted with chloro or fluoro or bromo. R is a C2-C6 alkyl which is partially or fully substituted with chloro or fluoro or bromo. When R is C2 alkyl which is fully substituted with fluoro, X, Y, and Z are not all H. The SbF.sub.5 is present in an amount in the range of up to about 30%, by weight of the mixture.

A composition includes a mixture including HF, SbF.sub.5, and olefin selected from 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, a chlorotetrafluoropropene, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 3,3,3-trifluoropropene, and RCXCYZ. X, Y, and Z are independently the same or different and are H, F, Cl, Br, or C1-C6 alkyl which is partially or fully substituted with chloro or fluoro or bromo. At least one of X, Y, and Z is H, Cl, Br, or C1-C6 alkyl which is partially or fully substituted with chloro or fluoro or bromo. R is a C2-C6 alkyl which is partially or fully substituted with chloro or fluoro or bromo. When R is C2 alkyl which is fully substituted with fluoro, X, Y, and Z are not all H. The SbF.sub.5 is present in an amount in the range of up to about 30%, by weight of the mixture.