A hydroprocessing catalyst has been developed. The catalyst is a unique transition metal tungsten oxy-hydroxide material. The hydroprocessing using the transition metal tungsten oxy-hydroxide material may include hydrodenitrification, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodemetallation, hydrodesilication, hydrodearomatization, hydroisomerization, hydrotreating, hydrofining, and hydrocracking.

A hydroprocessing catalyst has been developed. The catalyst is a unique crystalline ammonia transition metal molybdotungstate material. The hydroprocessing using the crystalline ammonia transition metal molybdotungstate material may include hydrodenitrification, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodemetallation, hydrodesilication, hydrodearomatization, hydroisomerization, hydrotreating, hydrofining, and hydrocracking.

A hydroprocessing catalyst has been developed. The catalyst is a unique transition metal tungstate material. The hydroprocessing using the crystalline transition metal molybdotungstate material may include hydrodenitrification, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodemetallation, hydrodesilication, hydrodearomatization, hydroisomerization, hydrotreating, hydrofining, and hydrocracking.

The invention is directed to a process for producing carbon nanofibers and/or carbon nanotubes, which process comprises pyrolyzing a particulate cellulosic and/or carbohydrate substrate that has been impregnated with a compound of an element or elements, the metal or alloy, respectively, of which is capable of forming carbides, in a substantially oxygen free, volatile silicon compound containing atmosphere, optionally in the presence of a carbon compound.

A catalyst carrier, an electrode catalyst, an electrode including the catalyst, a membrane electrode assembly including the electrode, and a fuel cell including the membrane electrode assembly. The catalyst carrier includes a carbon material having a chain structure including a chain of carbon particles, and an oxide-carbon composite particle in which a carbon particle encloses a particle of an oxide of a group IV element on the periodic table, the oxide-carbon composite particle being contained in the carbon material. The catalyst carrier has a BET specific surface area of 450 to 1100 m.sup.2/g.

Photocatalyst compositions and elements exhibiting desired photocatalytic activity levels and transparency.

Photocatalyst compositions and elements exhibiting desired photocatalytic activity levels and transparency.

A method hydrofluorinates an olefin of the formula: RCX=CYZ to produce a hydrofluoroalkane of formula RCXFCHYZ or RCXHCFYZ, where X, Y, and Z are independently the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, and C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl which is partially or fully substituted with chloro or fluoro or bromo; and R is a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with chloro or fluoro or bromo. The method includes reacting the olefin with HF in the vapor phase, in the presence of SbF.sub.5, at a temperature ranging from about 30 C. to about 65 C. and compositions formed by the process.

A method hydrofluorinates an olefin of the formula: RCX=CYZ to produce a hydrofluoroalkane of formula RCXFCHYZ or RCXHCFYZ, where X, Y, and Z are independently the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, and C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl which is partially or fully substituted with chloro or fluoro or bromo; and R is a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with chloro or fluoro or bromo. The method includes reacting the olefin with HF in the vapor phase, in the presence of SbF.sub.5, at a temperature ranging from about 30 C. to about 65 C. and compositions formed by the process.

The invention relates to a method for producing a catalyst system having at least one catalytically active component, wherein the catalytically active component comprises at least one metal, wherein first a spherical activated carbon used as a catalyst carrier is subjected to an oxidation. Subsequently, the catalytically active component is applied, optionally followed by a reduction of the catalyst system obtained in said manner.