In the present disclosure, a composite oxide catalyst capable of effectively suppressing side reactions at the time of dehydrogenation of C4 hydrocarbons having single bonds or one double bond and a process for preparing butadiene, in particular 1,3-butadiene, with a high selectivity and a high yield using the same are described.

In the present disclosure, a composite oxide catalyst capable of effectively suppressing side reactions at the time of dehydrogenation of C4 hydrocarbons having single bonds or one double bond and a process for preparing butadiene, in particular 1,3-butadiene, with a high selectivity and a high yield using the same are described.

A process can be used for producing methacrylic acid or a methacrylic acid ester. The process involves producing acrolein, reacting the produced acrolein with hydrogen to produce propanal, reacting the propanal with formaldehyde to produce methacrolein, and oxidizing the methacrolein in the presence of an oxygen containing gas and optionally an alcohol, to obtain methacrylic acid or methacrylic acid ester.

A process can be used for producing methacrylic acid or a methacrylic acid ester. The process involves producing acrolein, reacting the produced acrolein with hydrogen to produce propanal, reacting the propanal with formaldehyde to produce methacrolein, and oxidizing the methacrolein in the presence of an oxygen containing gas and optionally an alcohol, to obtain methacrylic acid or methacrylic acid ester.

A method of producing a catalyst comprises generating an aerosolized flow of catalyst support particles, heating a catalytically active compound precursor to produce a catalytically active compound precursor vapor, contacting the aerosolized flow of catalyst support particles with the catalytically active compound precursor vapor, and condensing the catalytically active compound precursor onto the catalyst support particles to produce the catalyst comprising catalytically active compound deposited on surfaces of the catalyst support particles. The method may further comprise aerosolizing a catalyst support precursor mixture, drying the aerosolized catalyst support precursor mixture in a first heating zone to form an aerosolized flow of catalyst support particles, and contacting the catalyst support particles with a catalytically active compound precursor vapor in a second heating zone to form the catalyst comprising the layer of the catalytically active compound deposited on surfaces of the catalyst of catalyst support particles.

A method of producing a catalyst comprises generating an aerosolized flow of catalyst support particles, heating a catalytically active compound precursor to produce a catalytically active compound precursor vapor, contacting the aerosolized flow of catalyst support particles with the catalytically active compound precursor vapor, and condensing the catalytically active compound precursor onto the catalyst support particles to produce the catalyst comprising catalytically active compound deposited on surfaces of the catalyst support particles. The method may further comprise aerosolizing a catalyst support precursor mixture, drying the aerosolized catalyst support precursor mixture in a first heating zone to form an aerosolized flow of catalyst support particles, and contacting the catalyst support particles with a catalytically active compound precursor vapor in a second heating zone to form the catalyst comprising the layer of the catalytically active compound deposited on surfaces of the catalyst of catalyst support particles.

A nitrogen oxide storage material comprising: Mg.sub.1-yAl.sub.2O.sub.4-y, wherein y is a number satisfying 0≤y≤0.2, a noble metal, an oxide of a metal other than the noble metal, and a barium compound, the noble metal, the oxide, and the barium compound being loaded on Mg.sub.1-yAl.sub.2O.sub.4-y. The metal oxide comprises at least one metal oxide selected from zirconium oxide, praseodymium oxide, niobium oxide, and iron oxide.

An exhaust system that includes a catalytic converter, selective catalytic reduction system, a muffler and, for certain applications, a diesel particulate filter that each include at least one filter that has an electric heating element, a metallic coating and a plurality of metal rods extending therethrough. The combination of elements are configured to heat the internal housings of the exhaust system and disrupt the direction of flow of exhaust gases which contain harmful toxic gases and pollutants and aid in removing and/or reducing said toxic gases and pollutants.

An exhaust system that includes a catalytic converter, selective catalytic reduction system, a muffler and, for certain applications, a diesel particulate filter that each include at least one filter that has an electric heating element, a metallic coating and a plurality of metal rods extending therethrough. The combination of elements are configured to heat the internal housings of the exhaust system and disrupt the direction of flow of exhaust gases which contain harmful toxic gases and pollutants and aid in removing and/or reducing said toxic gases and pollutants.

Provided is a method of manufacturing a supported catalyst and a supported catalyst manufactured using the same. The method may prevent the growth of catalytic metal particles by repeatedly applying heat, so the method is simpler and more economical than conventional processes. Moreover, since the support in the supported catalyst thus manufactured includes a hollow having a predetermined size, an electrode manufactured using the supported catalyst may ensure a desired electrode thickness even when used in a relatively small amount compared to the conventional technology. Moreover, water generated during operation of a fuel cell can be efficiently discharged, so desired mass transfer resistance can be exhibited, and a high electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) and superior catalytic activity can be attained.