Methods of forming non-metal doped metal oxide nanoparticles using a flame spray pyrolysis process are described. The non-metal doped metal oxide nanoparticles exhibit high photocatalytic activity. Specific non-metal doped metal oxides nanoparticles which can be formed by the described processes include nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide and sulfur-doped titanium dioxide.

A composition includes an aqueous solution including at least one fluorinated organic compound; and a reaction product of a source of iron(II) and a source of sulfite in the presence of water and molecular hydrogen. A method of making a catalyst includes reacting a source of iron(II) and a source of sulfite in the presence of water and molecular hydrogen. The water may include less than or equal to 1 weight percent dissolved molecular oxygen. The catalyst may be used for degrading fluorinated organic chemicals in aqueous media.

A composition includes an aqueous solution including at least one fluorinated organic compound; and a reaction product of a source of iron(II) and a source of sulfite in the presence of water and molecular hydrogen. A method of making a catalyst includes reacting a source of iron(II) and a source of sulfite in the presence of water and molecular hydrogen. The water may include less than or equal to 1 weight percent dissolved molecular oxygen. The catalyst may be used for degrading fluorinated organic chemicals in aqueous media.

A template-assisted method for the synthesis of 2D nanosheets comprises growing a 2D material on the surface of a nanoparticle substrate that acts as a template for nanosheet growth. The 2D nanosheets may then be released from the template surface, e.g. via chemical intercalation and exfoliation, purified, and the templates may be reused.

A template-assisted method for the synthesis of 2D nanosheets comprises growing a 2D material on the surface of a nanoparticle substrate that acts as a template for nanosheet growth. The 2D nanosheets may then be released from the template surface, e.g. via chemical intercalation and exfoliation, purified, and the templates may be reused.

The present invention aims to provide a catalyst that makes it possible to reduce an amount of solid electrolyte mixed and improve initial performance of a fuel cell, and also a method for producing the catalyst. The present invention relates to a catalyst for a solid polymer fuel cell, which has sulfo groups (SO.sub.3H) on catalyst particles. In TEM-EDX analysis, a ratio (I.sub.S/I.sub.Pt) of a sulfur peak intensity (I.sub.S) to a platinum peak intensity (I.sub.Pt) on the catalyst particles is within a range of 0.0044 or more and 0.0090 or less. The catalyst makes it possible to reduce the amount of solid electrolyte added and also a fuel cell with excellent initial performance, and thus contributes to a practical use of a fuel cell.

The present invention aims to provide a catalyst that makes it possible to reduce an amount of solid electrolyte mixed and improve initial performance of a fuel cell, and also a method for producing the catalyst. The present invention relates to a catalyst for a solid polymer fuel cell, which has sulfo groups (SO.sub.3H) on catalyst particles. In TEM-EDX analysis, a ratio (I.sub.S/I.sub.Pt) of a sulfur peak intensity (I.sub.S) to a platinum peak intensity (I.sub.Pt) on the catalyst particles is within a range of 0.0044 or more and 0.0090 or less. The catalyst makes it possible to reduce the amount of solid electrolyte added and also a fuel cell with excellent initial performance, and thus contributes to a practical use of a fuel cell.

The present disclosure relates to a catalyst for electrochemical ammonia synthesis and a method for producing the same. The catalyst has an ammonia synthesis activity up to several times to several tens of times of the activity of the existing single metal or metal oxide catalysts. Thus, when using the catalyst, it is possible to provide a method for electrochemical ammonia synthesis having an improved ammonia production yield and rate.

The present disclosure relates to a catalyst for electrochemical ammonia synthesis and a method for producing the same. The catalyst has an ammonia synthesis activity up to several times to several tens of times of the activity of the existing single metal or metal oxide catalysts. Thus, when using the catalyst, it is possible to provide a method for electrochemical ammonia synthesis having an improved ammonia production yield and rate.

A method for producing charcoal particles or pellets which use different additives as binders for the biochar pellets. The method includes producing a mixture with charcoal and additives selected from nanocrystalline cellulose, nanocrystalline fibrils, bentonite, and polyvinyl acetate. The mixture is created by mixing one or more of the additives with charcoal or bentonite. The mixture is then processed in a pelletizer device. While processing, the surface of the mixture is sprayed with a liquid. Once turned into pellets by way of the pelletizer device, the resulting pellets are then dried by applying heat to the pellets. The liquid can be water or a solution of water and sodium borate.