A catalyst system for a liquid phase carbonylation reaction comprising a homogeneous acid catalyst component and a porous solid component, in particular for use in the formation of glycolic acid by carbonylation of formaldehyde. The homogeneous acid catalyst component is, for instance, sulphuric acid whilst the solid component can be unfunctionalised silica. A process for the carbonylation of an aldehyde to form a carboxylic acid or derivative thereof is also described. The process comprises the steps of contacting the catalyst with carbon monoxide, water and the aldehyde.

A catalyst system for a liquid phase carbonylation reaction comprising a homogeneous acid catalyst component and a porous solid component, in particular for use in the formation of glycolic acid by carbonylation of formaldehyde. The homogeneous acid catalyst component is, for instance, sulphuric acid whilst the solid component can be unfunctionalised silica. A process for the carbonylation of an aldehyde to form a carboxylic acid or derivative thereof is also described. The process comprises the steps of contacting the catalyst with carbon monoxide, water and the aldehyde.

A molecular manufacturing process includes contacting a platform molecule with (i) a biocatalyst and (ii) a chemical catalyst under conditions suitable to produce a value-added chemical.

A molecular manufacturing process includes contacting a platform molecule with (i) a biocatalyst and (ii) a chemical catalyst under conditions suitable to produce a value-added chemical.

Catalysts for the dehydration of lactic acid, lactic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof to acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof in liquid phase comprising an ionic liquid (IL) and an acid are provided.

Catalysts for the dehydration of lactic acid, lactic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof to acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof in liquid phase comprising an ionic liquid (IL) and an acid are provided.

The present invention relates to a catalyst comprising: (a) an aluminium-doped sulphated zirconium oxide, with an aluminium content of 0.8 to 3.0% by weight of the catalyst, with a cristallographic phase containing at least 80%, in particular at least 85% or at least 90%, of zirconium oxide in the tetragonal phase, with a crystallinity index for the zirconium oxide of at least 55%, in particular of at least 60% or at least 65% or 70%; (b) a refractory oxide selected from silica and/or alumina; (c) a group VIIIB metal.

The present invention relates to a catalyst comprising: (a) an aluminium-doped sulphated zirconium oxide, with an aluminium content of 0.8 to 3.0% by weight of the catalyst, with a cristallographic phase containing at least 80%, in particular at least 85% or at least 90%, of zirconium oxide in the tetragonal phase, with a crystallinity index for the zirconium oxide of at least 55%, in particular of at least 60% or at least 65% or 70%; (b) a refractory oxide selected from silica and/or alumina; (c) a group VIIIB metal.

When a metal catalyst is used as a catalyst in a catalyst layer of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, improvement in catalytic activity and improvement in durability of the metal catalyst are intended. The catalyst composition of the present invention comprises a metal catalyst, a carbon material having a nitrogen-containing group on which the metal catalyst is carried, and an ionomer.

When a metal catalyst is used as a catalyst in a catalyst layer of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, improvement in catalytic activity and improvement in durability of the metal catalyst are intended. The catalyst composition of the present invention comprises a metal catalyst, a carbon material having a nitrogen-containing group on which the metal catalyst is carried, and an ionomer.