Disclosed herein is a catalyst for an upgrading reaction of biomass pyrolysis oil, a method for preparing the same, and a method for upgrading biomass pyrolysis oil using the same. The catalyst is a composite inorganic oxide, and the composite inorganic oxide includes lanthanum, nickel, titanium, and cerium. When a metal catalyst supported on carbon is used as a catalyst for a first step reaction, by using the catalyst as a catalyst for a second step reaction, the efficiency of the upgrading reaction of bio-oil is increased and a continuous reaction is possible without clogging of a continuous reactor.

A single atom catalyst for carbon dioxide conversion which allows mass production at low cost without performing a pretreatment of a carbon support and a post-treatment of a final synthesized catalyst is prepared. The single atom catalyst for carbon dioxide conversion was confirmed to have a low metal content to reduce production costs, and to have high carbon monoxide selectivity, carbon monoxide production rate, and stability.

A single atom catalyst for carbon dioxide conversion which allows mass production at low cost without performing a pretreatment of a carbon support and a post-treatment of a final synthesized catalyst is prepared. The single atom catalyst for carbon dioxide conversion was confirmed to have a low metal content to reduce production costs, and to have high carbon monoxide selectivity, carbon monoxide production rate, and stability.

A preparation method of carbon nitride modified with perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride/graphene oxide aerogel composite material includes: (1) preparing carbon nitride nanosheets by calcination using dicyandiamide as raw material; (2) reacting perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride and carbon nitride nanosheets in imidazole to prepare carbon nitride modified with perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride; (3) dispersing said carbon nitride modified with perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride and graphene oxide into deionized water, freeze-drying after the reaction to obtain carbon nitride modified with perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride/graphene oxide aerogel composite material.

A preparation method of carbon nitride modified with perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride/graphene oxide aerogel composite material includes: (1) preparing carbon nitride nanosheets by calcination using dicyandiamide as raw material; (2) reacting perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride and carbon nitride nanosheets in imidazole to prepare carbon nitride modified with perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride; (3) dispersing said carbon nitride modified with perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride and graphene oxide into deionized water, freeze-drying after the reaction to obtain carbon nitride modified with perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride/graphene oxide aerogel composite material.

Compositions for treating a waste source, and related methods are described herein. The composition includes a biochar impregnated with iron. The composition is produced by impregnating a biomass with a pretreatment solution comprising an iron containing compound to form a pretreated biomass, dehydrating the pretreated biomass, and pyrolyzing the pretreated biomass under conditions sufficient to form a biochar. A related method includes contacting a waste source including a pollutant with the composition and hydrogen peroxide to form a reaction mixture, oxidizing at least a portion of the pollutant under conditions sufficient to form an oxidized pollutant or intermediate compound, and separating the oxidized pollutant or intermediate compound from the reaction mixture.

Compositions for treating a waste source, and related methods are described herein. The composition includes a biochar impregnated with iron. The composition is produced by impregnating a biomass with a pretreatment solution comprising an iron containing compound to form a pretreated biomass, dehydrating the pretreated biomass, and pyrolyzing the pretreated biomass under conditions sufficient to form a biochar. A related method includes contacting a waste source including a pollutant with the composition and hydrogen peroxide to form a reaction mixture, oxidizing at least a portion of the pollutant under conditions sufficient to form an oxidized pollutant or intermediate compound, and separating the oxidized pollutant or intermediate compound from the reaction mixture.

An oxidative method for water is provided. The oxidative method includes providing a compound having properties of a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor; obtaining a mixture by adding the compound to the water; and illuminating the mixture using a light source to excite the compound.

An oxidative method for water is provided. The oxidative method includes providing a compound having properties of a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor; obtaining a mixture by adding the compound to the water; and illuminating the mixture using a light source to excite the compound.

Provided herein are processes for the preparation of heteroaryl carboxylic acids.