According to one or more embodiments, a nano-sized, mesoporous zeolite particle may include a microporous framework comprising a plurality of micropores having diameters of less than or equal to 2 nm and a BEA framework type. The nano-sized, mesoporous zeolite particle may also include a plurality of mesopores having diameters of greater than 2 nm and less than or equal to 50 nm. The zeolite particles may be integrated into hydrocracking catalysts and utilized for the cracking of heavy oils in a pretreatment process.

A method of making a multifunctional catalyst for upgrading pyrolysis oil includes contacting a hierarchical mesoporous zeolite support with a solution including at least a first metal catalyst precursor and a second metal catalyst precursor, each or both of which may include a heteropolyacid. The hierarchical mesoporous zeolite support may have an average pore size of from 2 nm to 40 nm. Contacting the hierarchical mesoporous zeolite support with the solution deposits or adsorbs the first metal catalyst precursor and the second catalyst precursor onto outer surfaces and pore surfaces of the hierarchical mesoporous zeolite support to produce a multifunctional catalyst precursor. The method further includes removing excess solution and calcining the multifunctional catalyst precursor to produce the multifunctional catalyst comprising at least a first metal catalyst and a second metal catalyst deposited on the outer surfaces and pore surfaces of the hierarchical mesoporous zeolite support.

Provided are a novel synthesis technique for producing pure phase aluminosilicate zeolite and a catalyst comprising the phase pure zeolite in combination with a metal, and methods of using the same.

A novel synthetic crystalline aluminogermanosilicate molecular sieve material, designated SSZ-117x, is provided. SSZ-117x can be synthesized using N,N,N,3,5-pentamethyladamantan-1-ammonium cations as a structure directing agent. SSZ-117x may be used in organic compound conversion reactions and/or sorptive processes.

A method is provided for the synthesis of aluminum-containing forms of molecular sieve CIT-15. The method includes treating an aluminogermanosilicate CIT-13 molecular sieve with water under conditions sufficient to degermanate at least a portion of the aluminogermanosilicate CIT-13 molecular sieve to provide a phyllosilicate comprising delaminated cfi-layers; and calcining the phyllosilicate under conditions sufficient to convert the phyllosilicate to an aluminogermanosilicate CIT-15 molecular sieve.

The present invention relates to a molecular sieve, particularly to an ultra-macroporous molecular sieve. The present invention also relates to a process for the preparation of the molecular sieve and to its application as an adsorbent, a catalyst, or the like. The molecular sieve has a unique X-ray diffraction pattern and a unique crystal particle morphology. The molecular sieve can be produced by using a compound represented by the following formula (I),

##STR00001## wherein the definition of each group and value is the same as that provided in the specification, as an organic template. The molecular sieve is capable of adsorbing more/larger molecules, thereby exhibiting excellent adsorptive/catalytic properties.

Start-up method for heating a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) module in a hybrid propulsion system of a vehicle, comprising an electric motor operatively connected to an internal combustion engine producing exhaust gas, both electric motor and internal combustion engine being operable to power said vehicle, and said internal combustion engine being in fluid communication with an exhaust aftertreatment system having an exhaust passage and comprising the SCR module, said SCR module being disposed in said exhaust passage downstream of said engine and said electric motor, the method comprising the steps of: operating the engine in a start-up mode with a torque restriction on the engine, allowing the SCR module to convert NOx emission; supplying a surplus amount of a reducing agent to the exhaust gas at a position between the engine and the SCR module, the surplus amount of the reducing agent being larger than a required amount of reducing agent for converting NOx emission from the engine; heating said SCR module to a working temperature; and terminating the start-up mode, thereby terminating the torque restriction on the engine and the supply of the surplus amount of the reducing agent.

Start-up method for heating a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) module in a hybrid propulsion system of a vehicle, comprising an electric motor operatively connected to an internal combustion engine producing exhaust gas, both electric motor and internal combustion engine being operable to power said vehicle, and said internal combustion engine being in fluid communication with an exhaust aftertreatment system having an exhaust passage and comprising the SCR module, said SCR module being disposed in said exhaust passage downstream of said engine and said electric motor, the method comprising the steps of: operating the engine in a start-up mode with a torque restriction on the engine, allowing the SCR module to convert NOx emission; supplying a surplus amount of a reducing agent to the exhaust gas at a position between the engine and the SCR module, the surplus amount of the reducing agent being larger than a required amount of reducing agent for converting NOx emission from the engine; heating said SCR module to a working temperature; and terminating the start-up mode, thereby terminating the torque restriction on the engine and the supply of the surplus amount of the reducing agent.

The invention relates to a catalyst and catalyst layer and process for preparing dimethyl ether from synthesis gas or methanol as well as the use of the catalyst or catalyst layer in this process.

Process for the preparation of a catalyst and a catalyst comprising more than one silica is provided herein. Thus, in one embodiment, the invention provides a particulate FCC catalyst comprising about 5 to about 60 wt % one or more zeolites, about 10 to about 45 wt % quasicrystalline boehmite (QCB), about 0 to about 35 wt % microcrystalline boehmite (MCB), greater than about 0 to about 15 wt % silica from sodium stabilized colloidal silica, greater than about 0 to about 30 wt % silica from ammonia stabilized or lower sodium colloidal silica, and the balance clay and the process for making the same. This process results in attrition resistant catalysts with good performance.