A modified Y-type molecular sieve has a rare earth content of about 4-11% by weight on the basis of rare earth oxide, a sodium content of no more than about 0.7% by weight on the basis of sodium oxide, a zinc content of about 0.5-5% by weight on the basis of zinc oxide, a phosphorus content of about 0.05-10% by weight on the basis of phosphorus pentoxide, a framework silica-alumina ratio of about 7-14 calculated on the basis of SiO.sub.2/Al.sub.2O.sub.3 molar ratio, a percentage of non-framework aluminum content to the total aluminum content of no more than about 20%, and a percentage of the pore volume of secondary pores having a pore size of 2-100 nm to the total pore volume of about 15-30%. The modified Y-type molecular sieve has a high crystallinity, a structure comprising secondary pores, and a high thermal and hydrothermal stability.

Direct conversion of syngas to light olefins is carried out in a fixed bed or a moving bed reactor with a composite catalyst A+B. The active ingredient of catalyst A is active metal oxide; and catalyst B is one or more than one of zeolite of CHA and AEI structures or metal modified CHA and/or AEI zeolite. A spacing between geometric centers of the active metal oxide of the catalyst A and the particle of the catalyst B is 5 m-40 mm. A spacing between axes of the particles is preferably 100 m-5 mm, and more preferably 200 m-4 mm. A weight ratio of the active ingredients in the catalyst A and the catalyst B is within a range of 0.1-20 times, and preferably 0.3-5.

Direct conversion of syngas to light olefins is carried out in a fixed bed or a moving bed reactor with a composite catalyst A+B. The active ingredient of catalyst A is active metal oxide; and catalyst B is one or more than one of zeolite of CHA and AEI structures or metal modified CHA and/or AEI zeolite. A spacing between geometric centers of the active metal oxide of the catalyst A and the particle of the catalyst B is 5 m-40 mm. A spacing between axes of the particles is preferably 100 m-5 mm, and more preferably 200 m-4 mm. A weight ratio of the active ingredients in the catalyst A and the catalyst B is within a range of 0.1-20 times, and preferably 0.3-5.

Forming a diene includes contacting a reactant including at least one of a cyclic ether and a diol with a heterogeneous acid catalyst to yield a reaction mixture including a diene. The heterogeneous acid catalyst includes at least one of a Lewis acid catalyst, a supported Lewis-acid catalyst, a Brnsted acid catalyst, a solid acid catalyst, a supported phosphoric acid catalyst, and a sulfonated catalyst. The dehydration of cyclic ethers and diols with high selectivity to yield dienes completes pathways for the production of dienes, such as isoprene and butadiene, from biomass in high yields, thereby promoting economical production of dienes from renewable resources.

A process for converting crude oil may comprise contacting a crude oil with one or more hydroprocessing catalysts to produce a hydroprocessed effluent and contacting the hydroprocessed effluent with a fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst composition in an FCC system to produce cracked effluent comprising at least olefins. The crude oil may have an API gravity from 25 to 29. The FCC system may operate at a temperature of greater than or equal to 580 C., a weight ratio of the FCC catalyst composition to the crude oil of from 2:1 to 10:1, and a residence time of from 0.1 seconds to 60 seconds. The FCC catalyst composition may comprise ultrastable Y-type zeolite (USY zeolite) impregnated with lanthanum; ZSM-5 zeolite impregnated with phosphorous; an alumina binder; colloidal silica; and a matrix material comprising Kaolin clay.

A process for converting crude oil may comprise contacting a crude oil with one or more hydroprocessing catalysts to produce a hydroprocessed effluent and contacting the hydroprocessed effluent with a fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst composition in an FCC system to produce cracked effluent comprising at least olefins. The crude oil may have an API gravity from 25 to 29. The FCC system may operate at a temperature of greater than or equal to 580 C., a weight ratio of the FCC catalyst composition to the crude oil of from 2:1 to 10:1, and a residence time of from 0.1 seconds to 60 seconds. The FCC catalyst composition may comprise ultrastable Y-type zeolite (USY zeolite) impregnated with lanthanum; ZSM-5 zeolite impregnated with phosphorous; an alumina binder; colloidal silica; and a matrix material comprising Kaolin clay.

A family of highly charged crystalline microporous metallophosphate molecular sieves designated PST-19 has been synthesized. These high charge density metallophosphates are represented by the empirical formula of:
R.sup.p+.sub.rA.sup.+.sub.mM.sup.2+.sub.xE.sub.yPO.sub.z
where A is an alkali metal such as potassium, R is an organoammonium cation such as tetraethylammonium, M is a divalent metal such as zinc and E is a trivalent framework element such as aluminum or gallium. The molecular sieves of the invention as synthesized exhibit an x-ray diffraction pattern as shown in Table A and are modified by a process selected from calcination, ammonia calcination or ion-exchange. The PST-19 family of materials are among the first MeAPO-type molecular sieves to be stabilized by combinations of alkali and quaternary ammonium cations, enabling unique compositions. The PST-19 family of molecular sieves has the SBS topology and catalytic properties for carrying out various hydrocarbon conversion processes and separation properties for separating at least one component.

A family of highly charged crystalline microporous metallophosphate molecular sieves designated PST-19 has been synthesized. These high charge density metallophosphates are represented by the empirical formula of:
R.sup.p+.sub.rA.sup.+.sub.mM.sup.2+.sub.xE.sub.yPO.sub.z
where A is an alkali metal such as potassium, R is an organoammonium cation such as tetraethylammonium, M is a divalent metal such as zinc and E is a trivalent framework element such as aluminum or gallium. The molecular sieves of the invention as synthesized exhibit an x-ray diffraction pattern as shown in Table A and are modified by a process selected from calcination, ammonia calcination or ion-exchange. The PST-19 family of materials are among the first MeAPO-type molecular sieves to be stabilized by combinations of alkali and quaternary ammonium cations, enabling unique compositions. The PST-19 family of molecular sieves has the SBS topology and catalytic properties for carrying out various hydrocarbon conversion processes and separation properties for separating at least one component.

An exhaust treatment apparatus and method for providing a controlled and well-timed feeding of supplemental oxygen to offset low oxygen content in exhaust flow passing over a desorbing hydrocarbon trap that previously accumulated hydrocarbons during a cold start cycle. Included is an ambient air injection system and associated control unit to offset the lacking oxygen level upstream of a reaction area for a downstream uf-HCT (preferably catalyzed with TWC material) with the exhaust placed in a lean state upon contact with the uf-HCT. An air injection embodiment makes use of preexisting vehicle components as to provide for a minimization of added components to a vehicle, while still addressing the need to clean-up exhaust emissions in an effort to satisfy stringent emission control requirements, such as those set forth in LEVIII.

An exhaust treatment apparatus and method for providing a controlled and well-timed feeding of supplemental oxygen to offset low oxygen content in exhaust flow passing over a desorbing hydrocarbon trap that previously accumulated hydrocarbons during a cold start cycle. Included is an ambient air injection system and associated control unit to offset the lacking oxygen level upstream of a reaction area for a downstream uf-HCT (preferably catalyzed with TWC material) with the exhaust placed in a lean state upon contact with the uf-HCT. An air injection embodiment makes use of preexisting vehicle components as to provide for a minimization of added components to a vehicle, while still addressing the need to clean-up exhaust emissions in an effort to satisfy stringent emission control requirements, such as those set forth in LEVIII.