The application provides an oxide layer material capable of adsorbing and degrading methane gas, which is obtained by a method comprising the steps of: 1) subjecting a cracked household refuse to aerobic biological pretreatment; 2) subjecting the material which has been subjected to the aerobic biological pretreatment to biological stabilizing treatment; and 3) adding copper chloride, potassium sulfate, magnesium oxide, and a composite bacterial agent for oxidizing methane gas to the material which has been subjected to the biological stabilizing treatment to obtain the oxide layer material capable of adsorbing and degrading methane gas. This disclosure further discloses a method for preparing the oxide layer material capable of adsorbing and degrading methane gas described above.

A detoxification method for treating sepsis, microbial infections, and other inflammatory conditions includes the steps of inducing flow of patient blood through a blood treatment device consisting of a bioreactor inlet and outlet in fluid connection to the circulatory system of a patient. Biological agents including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contained within patient blood can be irreversibly detoxified by passage of patient blood over a bioreactor surface having attached or immobilized alkaline phosphatase enzymes and acyloxyacyl hydrolase enzyme, with the bioreactor being contained within the blood treatment device. The method uses continuous treatment of a patient's blood to convert LPS and extracellular ATP in blood into inhibitors of inflammation in vivo without adding any chemicals to the bloodstream of the patient.

A blood treatment method includes the steps of inducing flow of a patient's blood through a blood treatment device inlet and outlet in fluid connection to the circulatory system of the patient. Metastatic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contained within patient blood is destroyed by passing a patient's blood over a bioreactor surface having attached or immobilized deoxyribonuclease 1 (DNase 1) enzyme. The blood treatment device which consists of a bioreactor containing immobilized DNase 1, enables continuous treatment of a patient's blood and increases the effective concentration of DNase 1 in a patient's bloodstream to convert metastasizing cancer DNA in blood into non-oncogenic nucleotide fragments in vivo without adding any chemicals to the blood of the patient.

The present invention relates to a method for production of ammonia, using an inorganic nanoparticle-microbial complex in which a nitrogen fixation reaction in a microorganism is improved by increasing the amount of inorganic nanoparticles entrapped in the microorganism. The present invention can produce ammonia at low temperature and low pressure conditions, compared to the conventional Haber-Bosch process of producing ammonia in high temperature and high pressure conditions and in a friendly environmental manner without emission of carbon dioxide that is released during conventional chemical synthesis processes, whereby the present invention may be a competitive alternative to the prior art for production of ammonia that has an unlimited potential as a future energy resource.

Aspects of the disclosure relate to an efficient entirely man-made nanobio hybrid fabricated through cell-free expression of transmembrane proton pump followed by assembly of the synthetic protein architecture with semiconductor nanoparticles for photocatalytic H.sub.2 evolution. The system produces H.sub.2 at a turnover rate of 240 ?mol of H.sub.2 (?mol protein).sup.?1 h.sup.?1 under green and 17.74 mmol of H.sub.2 (?mol protein).sup.?1 h.sup.?1 under white light at ambient conditions, in water at neutral pH with methanol as a sacrificial electron donor. Robsutness and flexibility of this approach allows for systemic manipulation at nanoparticle-bio interface toward directed evolution of energy materials and devices.

The present invention is drawn to artificial metalloenzymes for use in cyclopropanation reactions, amination and CH insertion.

A hierarchical catalyst composition comprising a continuous or particulate macroporous scaffold in which is incorporated mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles, wherein an enzyme is embedded in mesopores of the mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles. Methods for synthesizing the hierarchical catalyst composition are also described. Also described are processes that use the recoverable hierarchical catalyst composition for depolymerizing lignin, remediation of water contaminated with aromatic substances, polymerizing monomers by a free-radical mechanism, epoxidation of alkenes, halogenation of phenols, inhibiting growth and function of microorganisms in a solution, and carbon dioxide conversion to methanol. Further described are methods for increasing the space time yield and/or total turnover number of a liquid-phase chemical reaction that includes magnetic particles to facilitate the chemical reaction, the method comprising subjecting the chemical reaction to a plurality of magnetic fields of selected magnetic strength, relative position in the chemical reaction, and relative motion.

The present invention provides machines, compositions and methods for producing bionanocatalysts (BNCs) comprising one or more enzymes selected from a broad spectrum of industrially and medically important enzymes. The BNCs are self-assembled and magnetically immobilized enzymes. The machines, compositions, and methods are fully scalable from bench top to industrial manufacturing volumes.

The present invention relates to an average-density-adjustable structure and more specifically provides a structure the average density of which is adjusted by changing the material of the structure and the size of a void formed therein and which can thereby float on the surface of or in a liquid and can easily bond with or change a material present in a gas or liquid by being equipped with a first material, which is one among an organic catalyst, an inorganic catalyst, a microorganism, and a biomolecule.

The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for forming a lignin fraction from crude lignin which has been processed by means of a treatment step selected from enzymatic treatment, treatment with ionic liquid and their combinations. The method comprises treating the crude lignin (1) by a lignin liberation in at least one lignin liberation step (3), and separating a lignin fraction (6) in at least one separation step (5). Further, the invention relates to a lignin composition and its use.