An improved method of operating a conventional ebullated bed process for the hydroconversion of heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks so as to provide for low or reduced sediment content in the conversion product without the loss of hydrodesulfurization function.

One or more embodiments relates to a method of catalytically converting a reactant gas mixture for pollution abatement of products of hydrocarbon fuel combustion. The method provides substituted mixed-metal oxides where catalytically active metals are substituted within the crystal lattice to create an active and well dispersed metal catalyst available to convert the reactant gas mixture. Embodiments may be used with gasoline and diesel fueled internal combustion engine exhaust, although specific embodiments may differ somewhat for each.

A TiO.sub.2 photocatalytic particle comprises at least one core with a crystalline anatase structure, a first layer is at least partly surrounding the core, and comprising one from TiO.sub.2, TiO.sub.(2-x), and TiO.sub.2*H.sub.2O, said first partly ordered layer comprising parts where molecules are aligned with an imaginary extension of the crystal planes of the core, the first layer is in close contact with a second outer layer, at least partly enclosing the first layer and the core. The second layer comprises one from layered titanium dioxide and titanium dioxide in TiO.sub.2 (B)-form, said second layer is partly ordered, and said second layer comprising sheets aligned with crystal planes transversal to the outer surface of said particle. Advantages include that the outer layer of the particles can be modified to be optimized for the particular application which is an advantage for catalysis and other application where the properties of the outermost surface is of importance.

The present invention provides a solid-phase catalyst for decomposing hydrogen peroxide comprising a permanganate salt and a manganese (II) salt. The solid-phase catalyst stays a solid state in the form of nanoparticles at the time of hydrogen peroxide decomposition, and thus can be recovered for reuse and also has an excellent decomposition rate. In the method for producing a solid-phase catalyst for decomposing hydrogen peroxide according to the present invention, a solid-phase catalyst is produced from a solution containing a permanganate salt, a manganese (II) salt, and an organic acid, so that the produced solid-phase catalyst is precipitated as a solid component even after a catalytic reaction, and thus is reusable and environmentally friendly, and cost reduction can be achieved through the simplification of a catalyst production technique.

A composite photocatalyst is provided. The composite photocatalyst includes a nanomotor and a plurality of cocatalysts, the nanomotor comprises a shell formed by porous material, at least one inner core formed by a photocatalyst, and a cavity between the shell and the at least one inner core, the plurality of cocatalysts are located in the cavity. The plurality of cocatalysts are selected from the group consisting of metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, metal sulfide nanoparticles, phosphate nanoparticles, up-conversion material nanoparticles, and any combination thereof. A method for making the composite photocatalyst and application thereof are further provided. The plurality of cocatalysts and the nanomotor forms a photocatalytic synergistic reaction system, improving photo-catalytic activity of the composite photocatalyst.

Photoactive catalyst and methods of producing H.sub.2 by photocatalytic water splitting. The photoactive catalyst includes an upconverting material, a photocatalyst material, and plasmonic metal nanostructures deposited on the surface of the photocatalyst material. The upconverting material is not embedded in or coated by the photocatalyst material. The upconverting material is capable of emitting light at a first wavelength that has an energy equal to or higher than the band gap of the photocatalyst material and at a second wavelength that can be absorbed by the plasmonic metal nanostructures.

A method for directly preparing p-xylene from synthetic gas and aromatic hydrocarbon. The method includes contacting the feedstock containing synthetic gas and aromatic hydrocarbon excluding p-xylene with the catalyst in the reaction zone under reaction conditions sufficient to convert at least part of the feedstock to obtain a reaction effluent containing p-xylene; and separating p-xylene from the reaction effluent, where the catalyst includes a highly dispersed metal oxide material confined by an inert carrier, an acidic molecular sieve, and optionally at least one of graphite powder and dispersant, where in the highly dispersed metal oxide material confined by the inert carrier, the inert carrier is at least one of silicon oxide and alumina, and the content of the metal oxide in terms of metal is less than or equal to 10% by mass calculated based on the weight of the highly dispersed metal oxide material confined by the inert carrier.

A method for preparing aromatics from syngas, which includes a) contacting a raw material stream containing syngas with a catalyst in a reaction zone under reaction conditions sufficient to convert at least part of the raw material to obtain a reaction effluent; b) separating the reaction effluent to obtain at least a recycle stream containing gas-phase hydrocarbons having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and unconverted syngas and a liquid stream containing hydrocarbons having 5 or more carbon atoms; c) returning the recycle stream to the reaction zone; and d) separating aromatic products from the liquid stream, wherein the catalyst includes at least one of an inert carrier-confined highly dispersed metal oxide material, an acidic molecular sieve, and, optionally, graphite powder and a dispersant.

A denitration catalyst for removing nitrogen oxide in an exhaust gas is represented by the following chemical formula: Ba.sub.3Y.sub.(4-x)A.sub.xO.sub.9, wherein A is an element selected from the group consisting of Bi, Sn, Ga, Mn, Ti, and Al; and X is 0.4 or more and 2 or less. A denitration device has the denitration catalyst for removing nitrogen oxide in an exhaust gas discharged from an exhaust gas generation source including a gas engine, a gas turbine, a melting furnace, or a boiler.

Disclosed are a nanocomposite including a catalytic material and a porous support having a structure of a blocky structure, a spherical structure, and a combination thereof and a manufacturing method thereof. The nanocomposite may have improved the lifespan performance while being applied to the oxidation-reduction reaction of a high temperature.