A three-dimensional lignin porous carbon/zinc oxide composite material and its preparation and application in the field of photocatalysis are disclosed. The method includes preparing a lignin/zinc oxide precursor composite by a hydrothermal method from a zinc salt, a weak alkali salt and an industrial lignin, and preparing a three-dimensional lignin porous carbon/zinc oxide composite material by high temperature calcination of the lignin/zinc oxide precursor composite. The composite material has a regular three-dimensional pore structure, with zinc oxide nanoparticles uniformly embedded among the three-dimensional lignin porous carbon nanosheets. Application of the composite material to the field of photocatalysis, especially as a photocatalyst for photocatalytic degradation of organic dye pollutants, can significantly improve the degradation efficiency and rate, and has potential application value in the field of photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants.

The present technology is directed to processes for conversion of synthesis gas in a tubular reactor to produce a synthetic product that utilizes high activity carbon monoxide hydrogenation catalysts and a heat transfer structure that surprisingly provides for higher per pass conversion with high selectivity for the desired synthetic product without thermal runaway.

When the amount of coating is increased in a two-layer catalyst or the like containing two noble metals in respective different layers, gas diffusivity in the catalyst and use efficiency of a catalytic active site are reduced to thereby reduce purification performance. In view of this, an organic fiber having a predetermined shape is used as a pore-forming material in formation of an uppermost catalyst coating layer of a multi-layer catalyst, to thereby form an uppermost catalyst coating layer having a high-aspect-ratio pore excellent in connectivity and therefore excellent gas diffusivity.

There are provided an exhaust gas-purifying three-way catalyst having a large palladium surface area and excellent in heat resistance and three-way purification performance, easy to produce, and also excellent in productivity, and a method for producing the same, an exhaust gas-purifying catalytic converter, and the like. An exhaust gas-purifying three-way catalyst comprising at least at least one selected from the group consisting of base material particles (A) of a Nd-solid dissolved zirconia-based complex oxide comprising Nd and Zr as constituent metal elements in the following mass proportions in terms of oxides, and base material particles (B) of a La-solid dissolved zirconia-based complex oxide comprising La and Zr, and optionally Nd, as constituent metal elements in the following mass proportions in terms of oxides; and Pd catalyst particles supported on the at least one selected from the group consisting of the base material particles (A) and the base material particles (B), under a reducing atmosphere:

TABLE-US-00001 (Nd-solid dissolved zirconia-based complex oxide) ZrO.sub.2 50 to 75% by mass Nd.sub.2O.sub.3 25 to 50% by mass (La-solid dissolved zirconia-based complex oxide) ZrO.sub.2 50 to 80% by mass La.sub.2O.sub.3 20 to 50% by mass Nd.sub.2O.sub.3 0 to 20% by mass

with a total amount of La.sub.2O.sub.3 and Nd.sub.2O.sub.3 being 20 to 50% by mass.

A porous carbon material, wherein a half width (2?) of a diffraction peak (10?) (38? to 49?) by X-ray diffraction is 4.2? or less, and wherein a ratio (mesopore volume/micropore volume) of a mesopore volume (cm.sup.3/g) measured by a BJH method to a micropore volume (cm.sup.3/g) measured by a HK method is 1.20 or more.

According to one or more embodiments disclosed herein, a mesoporous zeolite may be made by a method comprising contacting an initial zeolite material with ammonium hexafluorosilicate to modify the framework of the initial zeolite material, and forming mesopores in the framework-modified zeolite material. The contacting may form a framework-modified zeolite material. The mesoporous zeolites may be incorporated into catalysts.

A fuel cell electrode catalyst includes a carbon support having pores, and catalyst particles supported on the carbon support and containing platinum or a platinum alloy. The pores of the fuel cell electrode catalyst have a mode pore size within a range from 2 nm to 5 nm. In the pores of the fuel cell electrode catalyst, a pore volume of pores having pore sizes within the range from 2 nm to 5 nm is 0.4 cm.sup.3/g or larger. The catalyst particles have a crystallite size within the range from 2 nm to 5 nm at a platinum (220) plane. A density of the supported catalyst particles is within a range from 10% by mass to 50% by mass with respect to a total mass of the fuel cell electrode catalyst.

The present application relates to a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst body having an open-celled foam structure, said catalyst body comprising a substrate material and a catalytic active material or precursor thereof wherein: The substrate material: is a metal alloy or ceramic material; having a surface roughness of 50 m or more; has an open-celled foam structure with at least 15 pores per inch; and The catalytically active material or precursor thereof which: is present on the surface of the substrate material; comprises cobalt, iron, ruthenium or a combination thereof; and comprises a catalyst support selected from titania, alumina or silica.

The present invention relates to a method for the catalytic synthesis of lactide from lactic acid. The method relates to the synthesis of lactide from lactic acid under the catalysis of a zinc oxide nanoparticle aqueous dispersion as a catalyst. The present invention has four technical characteristics: I. the zinc oxide nanoparticle aqueous dispersion catalyst has a sufficient surface area, and the size of nanoparticles is merely 30-40 nm, providing a sufficient contact area between the substrate (lactic acid) and the catalyst; II. the new catalyst has a milder catalytic effect on polymerization, allowing the molecular weight distribution of a prepolymer within a range of 400-1500 g/mol, which is advantageous for depolymerization to proceed; III. the new catalyst is stable, thus avoiding oxidation or carbonization in a high temperature reaction; and IV. the new catalyst has a low toxicity and a small threat to human health.

The present invention relates to a catalyst composition comprising a gold nanoparticle superlattice embedded in hierarchical porous silica and a method for manufacturing the same. The catalyst composition comprising a gold nanoparticle superlattice embedded in hierarchical porous silica according to the present invention comprises micropores and mesopores in the superlattice, so that these pores are channelized to allow the rapid access of reactants to surfaces of gold nanoparticles, and the catalyst composition is very structurally stable and has excellent catalytic activity, and thus has an effect of exhibiting a CO conversion rate of 100% at room temperature.