The present invention provides a carbon dioxide reduction catalyst capable of reducing carbon dioxide under mild conditions, a carbon dioxide reduction method using the carbon dioxide reduction catalyst, and a carbon dioxide reduction apparatus. A metal oxide of the present invention has a spinel-type crystal structure including a metal element A, manganese, and oxygen. The A is at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of nickel and copper, a molar composition ratio of manganese to oxygen is from 1:1.8 to 1:2.2, and a molar composition ratio of the metal element A to manganese is from 1:1.7 to 1:2.3. In an X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by X-ray diffraction measurement using a Cu-K ray, the metal oxide has an intensity ratio (I.sub.18/I.sub.37) of 0.2 or more between a peak having a 2 value in a range of from 16 to) 20 (P.sub.18) and a peak having a 2 value in a range of from 35 to 39 (P.sub.37).

The present invention provides a carbon dioxide reduction catalyst capable of reducing carbon dioxide under mild conditions, a carbon dioxide reduction method using the carbon dioxide reduction catalyst, and a carbon dioxide reduction apparatus. A metal oxide of the present invention has a spinel-type crystal structure including a metal element A, manganese, and oxygen. The A is at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of nickel and copper, a molar composition ratio of manganese to oxygen is from 1:1.8 to 1:2.2, and a molar composition ratio of the metal element A to manganese is from 1:1.7 to 1:2.3. In an X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by X-ray diffraction measurement using a Cu-K ray, the metal oxide has an intensity ratio (I.sub.18/I.sub.37) of 0.2 or more between a peak having a 2 value in a range of from 16 to) 20 (P.sub.18) and a peak having a 2 value in a range of from 35 to 39 (P.sub.37).

An ethylbenzene dehydrogenation catalyst, a preparation method therefor, and the use thereof are provided. The catalyst includes Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, K.sub.2O, CeO.sub.2, MoO.sub.3 and CaO. The exposed crystal face area of CeO.sub.2 (100) accounts for 60% or more of the total exposed crystal face area of CeO.sub.2. The catalyst is used in a reaction for preparing styrene by means of dehydrogenating ethylbenzene at a low water ratio, and has high activity and stability.

An ethylbenzene dehydrogenation catalyst, a preparation method therefor, and the use thereof are provided. The catalyst includes Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, K.sub.2O, CeO.sub.2, MoO.sub.3 and CaO. The exposed crystal face area of CeO.sub.2 (100) accounts for 60% or more of the total exposed crystal face area of CeO.sub.2. The catalyst is used in a reaction for preparing styrene by means of dehydrogenating ethylbenzene at a low water ratio, and has high activity and stability.

A new catalyst that includes palladium on a cerium dioxide support, of formula PdX/CeO2, in which X represents the empty set or a doping element, and its use in the implementation of a method for selectively preparing oxalates or oxamides from carbon monoxide, an oxidant, in particular molecular oxygen or air, and an alcohol or an amine respectively.

A computational method for determining a location and an amount of a transition metal M in surface facets of a PtM alloy using a density functional theory includes receiving a particle size and a surface facet distribution of the PtM alloy and a total concentration of M in the PtM alloy; calculating a total number of M atoms in the PtM alloy based on the particle size and the surface facet distribution of the PtM alloy and the total concentration of M in the PtM alloy; and predicting a mixing energy between Pt and at least one of the total number of M atoms in a subsurface layer of each of the surface facets of the PtM alloy when Pt is mixed with the at least one of the total number of M atoms.

A computational method for determining a location and an amount of a transition metal M in surface facets of a PtM alloy using a density functional theory includes receiving a particle size and a surface facet distribution of the PtM alloy and a total concentration of M in the PtM alloy; calculating a total number of M atoms in the PtM alloy based on the particle size and the surface facet distribution of the PtM alloy and the total concentration of M in the PtM alloy; and predicting a mixing energy between Pt and at least one of the total number of M atoms in a subsurface layer of each of the surface facets of the PtM alloy when Pt is mixed with the at least one of the total number of M atoms.

It discloses a vanadium-titanium compound material with high thermal stability and high activity and a preparation method thereof. The vanadium-titanium compound material is mainly composed of vanadium oxide and titanium oxide, where the content of vanadium oxide is 0.5% to 30% by mass of the vanadium-titanium compound material, and the crystal form of titanium oxide in the vanadium-titanium compound material is one of anatase and TiO.sub.2(B) or a mixture thereof.

The present invention refers to a microporous crystalline material, to the method for the production thereof and to the use of same, the material having a composition:

xX.sub.2O.sub.3:zZO.sub.2:yYO.sub.2

in which: X is a trivalent element such as Al, B, Fe, In, Ga, Cr, or mixtures thereof, where (y+z)/x can have values of between 9 and infinity; Z corresponds to a tetravalent element selected from Si, Ge or mixtures thereof; and Y corresponds to a tetravalent element such as Ti, Sn, Zr, V or mixtures thereof, where z/y can have values of between 10 and infinity.

Described is a selective catalytic reduction material comprising a spherical particle including an agglomeration of crystals of a molecular sieve. The catalyst is a crystalline material that is effective to catalyze the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides in the presence of a reductant at temperatures between 200 C. and 600 C. A method for selectively reducing nitrogen oxides and an exhaust gas treatment system are also described.