A catalyst carrier, an electrode catalyst, an electrode including the catalyst, a membrane electrode assembly including the electrode, a fuel cell including the membrane electrode assembly, and a method for producing the catalyst carrier. The catalyst carrier includes a carbon material having a chain structure including a chain of carbon particles. The catalyst carrier contains a titanium compound-carbon composite particle in which carbon encloses a titanium compound particle. The molar ratios of a carbon element, a nitrogen element, and an oxygen element to a titanium element taken as 1 in the catalyst carrier are more than 0 and 50 or less, more than 0 and 2 or less, and more than 0 and 3 or less, respectively.

In one embodiment, the present application discloses a catalyst composition comprising: a) a reaction solvent or a reaction medium; b) organometallic nanoparticles comprising: i) a nanoparticle (NP) catalyst, prepared by a reduction of an iron salt in an organic solvent, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one other metal selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt, Au, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Rh, Ir, Ru and Os or mixtures thereof; c) a ligand; and d) a surfactant; wherein the metal or mixtures thereof is present in less than or equal to 50,000 ppm relative to the iron salt.

In one embodiment, the present application discloses a catalyst composition comprising: a) a reaction solvent or a reaction medium; b) organometallic nanoparticles comprising: i) a nanoparticle (NP) catalyst, prepared by a reduction of an iron salt in an organic solvent, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one other metal selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt, Au, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Rh, Ir, Ru and Os or mixtures thereof; c) a ligand; and d) a surfactant; wherein the metal or mixtures thereof is present in less than or equal to 50,000 ppm relative to the iron salt.

A family of highly charged crystalline microporous metallophosphate molecular sieves designated PST-19 has been synthesized. These high charge density metallophosphates are represented by the empirical formula of:

R.sup.p+.sub.rA.sup.+.sub.mM.sup.2+.sub.xE.sub.yPO.sub.z

where A is an alkali metal such as potassium, R is an organoammonium cation such as tetraethylammonium, M is a divalent metal such as zinc and E is a trivalent framework element such as aluminum or gallium. The PST-19 family of materials are among the first MeAPO-type molecular sieves to be stabilized by combinations of alkali and quaternary ammonium cations, enabling unique compositions. The PST-19 family of molecular sieves has the SBS topology and catalytic properties for carrying out various hydrocarbon conversion processes and separation properties for separating at least one component.

A method of forming a bismuth-based catalyst can include mixing an inorganic alkali compound, a bismuth source compound, a transition metal precursor, and a reducing agent in an aqueous solution to form a bismuth precursor liquid. The bismuth precursor liquid can be hydrothermally reacted at a conversion temperature for a conversion time to produce the bismuth-based catalyst.

A method of forming a bismuth-based catalyst can include mixing an inorganic alkali compound, a bismuth source compound, a transition metal precursor, and a reducing agent in an aqueous solution to form a bismuth precursor liquid. The bismuth precursor liquid can be hydrothermally reacted at a conversion temperature for a conversion time to produce the bismuth-based catalyst.

The present disclosure provides a method for preparing a molecular sieve catalyst. A water-in-oil micro-emulsion including a continuous phase containing an organic solvent and a dispersed phase containing an aqueous solution containing one or more metal salts and a water-soluble organic carbon source is prepared, hydrolyzed, and azeotropically distilled to form a mixture solution. The mixture solution is heated to carbonize the water-soluble organic carbon source to form nanoparticles each having a core-shell structure including a carbon-shelled metal-oxide. The nanoparticles containing the carbon-shelled metal-oxide are dispersed in a molecular sieve precursor solution. A nanoparticle-loaded molecular sieve is formed from the molecular sieve precursor solution containing the nanoparticles, and then calcined to remove carbon there-from to form a metal-oxide loaded molecular sieve.

The present disclosure provides a method for preparing a molecular sieve catalyst. A water-in-oil micro-emulsion including a continuous phase containing an organic solvent and a dispersed phase containing an aqueous solution containing one or more metal salts and a water-soluble organic carbon source is prepared, hydrolyzed, and azeotropically distilled to form a mixture solution. The mixture solution is heated to carbonize the water-soluble organic carbon source to form nanoparticles each having a core-shell structure including a carbon-shelled metal-oxide. The nanoparticles containing the carbon-shelled metal-oxide are dispersed in a molecular sieve precursor solution. A nanoparticle-loaded molecular sieve is formed from the molecular sieve precursor solution containing the nanoparticles, and then calcined to remove carbon there-from to form a metal-oxide loaded molecular sieve.

Methods of producing gold-palladium catalysts suitable for use in the production of vinyl acetate may include drying the catalyst after the incorporation of a promoter at higher temperatures (e.g., 160° C. or greater) to restructure the metals and/or alloys on the catalyst. The restructured catalyst advantageously has increased catalytic activity and improved stability.

Disclosed herein are modified zeolites and methods for making modified zeolites. In one or more embodiments disclosed herein, a modified zeolite may include a microporous framework including a plurality of micropores having diameters of less than or equal to 2 nm. The microporous framework includes at least silicon atoms and oxygen atoms. The modified zeolite may further include organometallic moieties each bonded to bridging oxygen atoms. The organometallic moieties include a hafnium atom. The hafnium atom is bonded to a bridging oxygen atom, and bridging oxygen atom bridges the hafnium atom of the organometallic moiety and a silicon atom of the microporous framework.