A system and method for efficiently treating metal catalyst resident in a reactor vessel comprises a sulfiding module, a sulfur source, an ammonia source, and/or a coking source, a hydrogen sulfide detection module, a hydrogen gas detection module, a pH detection module, an ammonia gas detection module and a remote computer all arranged and configured to communicate wirelessly and to allow remote control and monitoring of the modules and process so that catalyst may be sulfided, passivated and/or soft-coked in situ.

A system and method for efficiently treating metal catalyst resident in a reactor vessel comprises a sulfiding module, a sulfur source, an ammonia source, and/or a coking source, a hydrogen sulfide detection module, a hydrogen gas detection module, a pH detection module, an ammonia gas detection module and a remote computer all arranged and configured to communicate wirelessly and to allow remote control and monitoring of the modules and process so that catalyst may be sulfided, passivated and/or soft-coked in situ.

A process for the hydroprocessing of heavy oils and/or oil residues, the process comprising the steps of contacting a non-metallised carbonaceous material with an acid to form a non-metallised carbonaceous additive; and contacting the heavy oils and/or oil residues with the non-metallised carbonaceous additive in the presence of a hydrogen-containing gas at a temperature of from 250° C. to 600° C.

In some examples, a method for treating a reforming catalyst, the method comprising heating a catalyst metal used for reforming hydrocarbon in a reducing gas mixture environment. The reducing gas mixture comprises hydrogen and at least one sulfur-containing compound. The at least one sulfur-containing compound includes one or more of hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, carbonyl disulfide and organic sulfur-containing compounds such as thiophenes, thiophanes, sulfides (RSH), disulfides (RS.sub.2R′), tri-sulfides (RS.sub.3R′) and mercaptans (RSR′).

In some examples, a method for treating a reforming catalyst, the method comprising heating a catalyst metal used for reforming hydrocarbon in a reducing gas mixture environment. The reducing gas mixture comprises hydrogen and at least one sulfur-containing compound. The at least one sulfur-containing compound includes one or more of hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, carbonyl disulfide and organic sulfur-containing compounds such as thiophenes, thiophanes, sulfides (RSH), disulfides (RS.sub.2R′), tri-sulfides (RS.sub.3R′) and mercaptans (RSR′).

Catalytic system which can be used in processes for the hydroconversion of heavy oils by means of hydrotreatment in slurry phase, characterized in that it comprises: a catalyst, having the function of hydrogenating agent, containing MoS.sub.2 or WS.sub.2 or mixtures thereof in lamellar form or an oil-soluble precursor thereof; a co-catalyst, having nanometric or micronic particle-sizes, selected from cracking and/or denitrogenation catalysts. The co-catalyst preferably consists of zeolites having small-sized crystals and with a low aggregation degree between the primary particles, and/or oxides or sulfides or precursors of sulfides of Ni and/or Co in a mixture with Mo and/or W.

Catalytic system which can be used in processes for the hydroconversion of heavy oils by means of hydrotreatment in slurry phase, characterized in that it comprises: a catalyst, having the function of hydrogenating agent, containing MoS.sub.2 or WS.sub.2 or mixtures thereof in lamellar form or an oil-soluble precursor thereof; a co-catalyst, having nanometric or micronic particle-sizes, selected from cracking and/or denitrogenation catalysts. The co-catalyst preferably consists of zeolites having small-sized crystals and with a low aggregation degree between the primary particles, and/or oxides or sulfides or precursors of sulfides of Ni and/or Co in a mixture with Mo and/or W.

A process for the hydroprocessing of heavy oils and/or oil residues, the process comprising the steps of contacting a non-metallised carbonaceous material with an oxygen-containing gas at a temperature of at least 120° C. to form a non-metallised carbonaceous additive, and contacting the heavy oils and/or oil residues with the non-metallised carbonaceous additive in the presence of a hydrogen-containing gas at a temperature of from 250° C. to 600° C.

A process for rejuvenating an at least partially spent catalyst resulting from a hydrodesulfurization process of a sulfur-containing olefinic gasoline cut, where the at least partially spent catalyst result is from a fresh catalyst a metal from group VIII, a metal from group VIb, and an oxide support, where the process includes a) regenerating the at least partially spent catalyst in an oxygen-containing gas stream at a temperature between 350° C. and 550° C., b) the regenerated catalyst is brought into contact with an impregnation solution containing a compound containing a metal from group VIb, the molar ratio of the metal from group VIb added per metal from group VIb already present in the regenerated catalyst being between 0.15 and 2.5 mol/mol, c) a drying stage is carried out at a temperature of less than 200° C., and
the use of the rejuvenated catalyst in a hydrodesulfurization process.

Methods, reactor tubes, reactors, and systems for catalysis are disclosed. A reactor tube includes an outer shell defining a catalyst bed, a catalyst within the catalyst bed, and an inner tube extending through the catalyst bed. An interior of the inner tube is isolated from the catalyst within the catalyst bed. Methods of activating a catalyst are also disclosed herein.