Provided is a method for producing a photocatalyst electrode for water decomposition that exhibits excellent detachability between the substrate and the photocatalyst layer and exhibits high photocurrent density. The method for producing a photocatalyst electrode for water decomposition of the invention includes: a metal layer forming step of forming a metal layer on one surface of a first substrate by a vapor phase film-forming method or a liquid phase film-forming method; a photocatalyst layer forming step of forming a photocatalyst layer by subjecting the metal layer to at least one treatment selected from an oxidation treatment, a nitriding treatment, a sulfurization treatment, or a selenization treatment; a current collecting layer forming step of forming a current collecting layer on a surface of the photocatalyst layer, the surface being on the opposite side of the first substrate; and a detachment step of detaching the first substrate from the photocatalyst layer.

The present invention provides a method of preparing a supported catalyst, preferably a hydrocracking catalyst, the method at least comprising the steps of: a) providing a zeolite Y having a bulk silica to alumina ratio (SAR) of at least 10; b) mixing the zeolite Y provided in step a) with a base, water and a surfactant, thereby obtaining a slurry of the zeolite Y; c) reducing the water content of the slurry obtained in step b) thereby obtaining solids with reduced water content, wherein the reducing of the water content in step c) involves the addition of a binder; d) shaping the solids with reduced water content obtained in step c) thereby obtaining a shaped catalyst carrier; e) calcining the shaped catalyst carrier obtained in step d) at a temperature above 300° C. in the presence of the surfactant of step b), thereby obtaining a calcined catalyst carrier; f) impregnating the catalyst carrier calcined in step e) with a hydrogenation component thereby obtaining a supported catalyst; wherein no heat treatment at a temperature of above 500° C. takes place between the mixing of step b) and the shaping of step d).

Nonabsorptive presulfided catalyst particles are provided which are coated with a suitable coating material such as paraffinic oil/wax, or a suitable polymer material, to prevent water adsorption on the catalyst particles.

Nonabsorptive presulfided catalyst particles are provided which are coated with a suitable coating material such as paraffinic oil/wax, or a suitable polymer material, to prevent water adsorption on the catalyst particles.

The invention concerns a process for the preparation of a catalyst for carrying out hydrogenation reactions in hydrotreatment and hydrocracking processes. Said catalyst is prepared from at least one mononuclear precursor based on molybdenum (Mo), in its monomeric or dimeric form, having at least one Mo═O or Mo—OR bond or at least one Mo═S or Mo—SR bond where [R=C.sub.xH.sub.y where x≧1 and (x−1)≦y≦(2x+1) or R=Si(OR′).sub.3 or R=Si(R′).sub.3 where R′=C.sub.x′H.sub.y′ where x′≧1 and (x′−1)≦y′≦(2x′+1)], and optionally from at least one promoter element from group VIII. Said precursors are deposited onto an oxide support which is suitable for the process in which it is used, said catalyst being dried at a temperature of less than 200° C. then advantageously being sulphurized before being deployed in said process.

The invention concerns a process for the preparation of a catalyst for carrying out hydrogenation reactions in hydrotreatment and hydrocracking processes. Said catalyst is prepared from at least one mononuclear precursor based on molybdenum (Mo), in its monomeric or dimeric form, having at least one Mo═O or Mo—OR bond or at least one Mo═S or Mo—SR bond where [R=C.sub.xH.sub.y where x≧1 and (x−1)≦y≦(2x+1) or R=Si(OR′).sub.3 or R=Si(R′).sub.3 where R′=C.sub.x′H.sub.y′ where x′≧1 and (x′−1)≦y′≦(2x′+1)], and optionally from at least one promoter element from group VIII. Said precursors are deposited onto an oxide support which is suitable for the process in which it is used, said catalyst being dried at a temperature of less than 200° C. then advantageously being sulphurized before being deployed in said process.

Systems and methods are provided for performing hydrodeoxygenation of bio-derived feeds while maintaining the hydrodeoxygenation catalyst in a sulfided state. During hydrodeoxygenation, a hydrogen-containing stream is provided to the hydrodeoxygenation reactor as a hydrogen treat gas to provide hydrogen for the reaction. In some aspects, the hydrogen treat gas used for hydrodeoxygenation can be formed at least in part from hydrogen that has been used as a stripping gas for removing H.sub.2S from a rich amine stream. In other aspects, H.sub.2S can be stripped using water vapor, and a resulting overhead HS stream can be compressed prior to incorporation of the H.sub.2S into a hydrogen-containing stream. The resulting hydrogen-containing stream can include sufficient H.sub.2S to substantially maintain the catalyst in the hydrodeoxygenation stage in a sulfided state.

Methods for making a supported chromium catalyst are disclosed, and can comprise contacting a silica-coated alumina containing at least 30 wt. % silica with a chromium-containing compound in a liquid, drying, and calcining in an oxidizing atmosphere at a peak temperature of at least 650° C. to form the supported chromium catalyst. The supported chromium catalyst can contain from 0.01 to 20 wt. % chromium, and typically can have a pore volume from 0.5 to 2 mL/g and a BET surface area from 275 to 550 m.sup.2/g. The supported chromium catalyst subsequently can be used to polymerize olefins to produce, for example, ethylene-based homopolymers and copolymers having high molecular weights and broad molecular weight distributions.

A method of making solid acid catalysts includes the step of sulfonating waste tire pieces in a first sulfonation step. The sulfonated waste tire pieces are pyrolyzed to produce carbon composite pieces having a pore size less than 10 nm. The carbon composite pieces are then ground to produce carbon composite powders having a size less than 50 μm. The carbon composite particles are sulfonated in a second sulfonation step to produce sulfonated solid acid catalysts. A method of making biofuels and solid acid catalysts are also disclosed.

A selective hydrogenation catalyst comprising an active phase based on nickel and molybdenum, and a porous support consisting of alumina and/or nickel aluminate, characterized in that the molar ratio between the nickel and the molybdenum is greater than 2.5 mol/mol and less than 3.0 mol/mol.