A catalyst structure is disclosed. The catalyst structure comprises a catalytic material and a metal material on the catalytic material, where the metal material comprises particle sizes in a range from about 1.5 nanometers to about 3 nanometers. An interface between the metal material and the catalytic material comprises bonds between the metal material and the catalytic material. A method of mitigating catalyst deactivation is also disclosed, as is a method of carbon monoxide disproportionation.

Redox catalysts having surface medication, methods of making redox catalysts with surface modification, and uses of the surface modified redox catalysts are provided. In some aspects, the redox catalysts include a core oxygen carrier region and an outer shell having an average thickness of about 1-100 monolayers surrounding the outer surface of the core region.

Processes, catalysts and systems for preparing a composition comprising aliphatic, olefinic, cyclic and/or aromatic hydrocarbons of seven or greater carbon atoms per molecule are provided.

Processes, catalysts and systems for preparing a composition comprising aliphatic, olefinic, cyclic and/or aromatic hydrocarbons of seven or greater carbon atoms per molecule are provided.

A method of equipment decontamination may include: introducing a cleaning stream comprising hydrogen and a solvent comprising a fatty acid methyl ester and an oxygenated solvent, or alternatively comprising a carrier fluid and a hydrocarbon solvent, into the equipment; and introducing a stream comprising nitrogen into the equipment, wherein the equipment comprises deposits and other contaminants.

The present invention provides an integrated process for preparing 2,3,3, 3-tetrafluoropropene (1234yf), the process comprising: (a) vapour phase catalytic fluorination of a first composition comprising 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-chloro-prop-1-ene (CF3CCNCH2, 1233xf) with hydrogen fluoride (HF) in a fluorination reactor to produce a fluorination product stream comprising 1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane (245cb), HF and HCI; (b) vapour phase catalytic dehydrofluorination composition comprising 245cb in a dehydrofluorination reactor to produce a dehydrofluorination product stream comprising 1234yf and HF; wherein the fluorination product stream and the dehydrofluorination product stream are combined and subjected to (c) purification to produce a composition comprising 245cb and a 1234yf product stream.

The present technology is directed to processes for conversion of synthesis gas in a tubular reactor to produce a synthetic product that utilizes high activity carbon monoxide hydrogenation catalysts and a heat transfer structure that surprisingly provides for higher per pass conversion with high selectivity for the desired synthetic product without thermal runaway.

Disclosed are compositions for catalysts comprising a zeolite promoted by metal and or metal oxide. In some aspects, the metal and/or metal oxide comprise a mixture of two or more metal or metal oxides. In various aspects, the zeolite is a pentasil zeolite and/or a ZSM-5 type zeolite. Also disclosed are processes for making the disclosed heterogeneous catalysts comprising preparing a mixture of a zeolite and one or more metal salts, which can include use of incipient wetness impregnation methods. In various aspects, also disclosed are methods for direct, non-oxidative preparation of higher hydrocarbons from natural gas, including selective for high yield production of C6 and higher hydrocarbons. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

The present invention relates to a process for treating, in a reactor containing a catalytic bed, a solid catalyst, said process comprising the steps of: a) implementing, in said reactor, a gas-phase catalytic reaction at a catalytic bed temperature T1 in the presence of a hydrogen halide or giving rise to the formation of a hydrogen halide, b) causing an inert gas to flow through the catalytic bed at a catalytic bed temperature T2 that is lower than T1, the temperature T2 being greater than 30 C.

The present invention relates to a process for treating, in a reactor containing a catalytic bed, a solid catalyst, said process comprising the steps of: a) implementing, in said reactor, a gas-phase catalytic reaction at a catalytic bed temperature T1 in the presence of a hydrogen halide or giving rise to the formation of a hydrogen halide, b) causing an inert gas to flow through the catalytic bed at a catalytic bed temperature T2 that is lower than T1, the temperature T2 being greater than 30 C.