A polymerizable composition for forming an ion-exchange resin precursor, the polymerizable composition containing a monomer component and polyethylene particles in an amount of 50 to 120 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the monomer component, wherein the monomer component contains an aromatic monomer for introducing ion-exchange groups and a nitrogen-containing aliphatic monomer, the nitrogen-containing aliphatic monomer being present in an amount of 10 to 35% by mass in said monomer component. An ion-exchange membrane is produced by applying the polymerizable composition onto a polyolefin type filament base material and polymerizing the polymerizable composition to form an ion-exchange resin precursor and, thereafter, introducing ion-exchange groups into the precursor.

A polymerizable composition for forming an ion-exchange resin precursor, the polymerizable composition containing a monomer component and polyethylene particles in an amount of 50 to 120 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the monomer component, wherein the monomer component contains an aromatic monomer for introducing ion-exchange groups and a nitrogen-containing aliphatic monomer, the nitrogen-containing aliphatic monomer being present in an amount of 10 to 35% by mass in said monomer component. An ion-exchange membrane is produced by applying the polymerizable composition onto a polyolefin type filament base material and polymerizing the polymerizable composition to form an ion-exchange resin precursor and, thereafter, introducing ion-exchange groups into the precursor.

A stack of ion exchange membranes suitable for water purification comprising a plurality of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) and a plurality of cation exchange membranes (CEMs), wherein the colour properties of the AEMs are visibly different to the colour properties of the CEMs. The invention also provides a process for making membrane stacks in which the likelihood of there being two consecutive membranes of like charge is reduced. Furthermore, it is easy to identify whether there are two consecutive membranes of like charge present in the stacks.

A stack of ion exchange membranes suitable for water purification comprising a plurality of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) and a plurality of cation exchange membranes (CEMs), wherein the colour properties of the AEMs are visibly different to the colour properties of the CEMs. The invention also provides a process for making membrane stacks in which the likelihood of there being two consecutive membranes of like charge is reduced. Furthermore, it is easy to identify whether there are two consecutive membranes of like charge present in the stacks.

The present disclosure relates, in part, to polymers having a graft chain and/or a cyclic amino group. In particular examples, the graft chain and/or the cyclic amino group provides enhanced hydrophilicity, alkaline stability, and/or anion solvation. Compounds, compositions, and methods are described herein.

A process for removing Hg.sup.2+ toxins from bodily fluids is disclosed. The process involves contacting the bodily fluid with a titanium metallate ion exchanger to remove the metal toxins in the bodily fluid, including blood and gastrointestinal fluid. Alternatively, blood can be contacted with a dialysis solution which is then contacted with the ion exchanger. The titanium metallate ion exchangers are represented by the following empirical formula:
A.sub.mTiNb.sub.aSi.sub.xO.sub.y. A composition is provided with the combination of the titanium metallate ion exchanger and bodily fluids or dialysis solutions. Also, provided is an apparatus comprising a matrix and the titanium metallate ion exchanger.

An ion-exchange apparatus has a raw-water tank 1, a treatment tank 2, an ion exchanger 3 and a voltage applying device E. The raw-water tank 1 contains a to be treated liquid that has impurity ions. The treatment tank 2 contains a treatment material with exchange ions exchangeable with the impurity ions. The ion exchanger 3 enables the passage of the impurity ions from the raw-water tank 1 to the treatment tank 2 and the passage of the exchange ions from the treatment tank 2 to the raw-water tank 1. The voltage-applying device E applies a voltage to the ion exchanger 3.

An ion exchange membrane includes nanoparticulate hydrous manganese oxide, wherein, the ion exchangemembrane is selective for the passage of phosphate ion. Methods of preparing ion exchange membranes and methods of seprating phosate also are described.

An ion exchange membrane includes nanoparticulate hydrous manganese oxide, wherein, the ion exchangemembrane is selective for the passage of phosphate ion. Methods of preparing ion exchange membranes and methods of seprating phosate also are described.

Disclosed herein is an ion selective separation membrane including: a metal organic framework layer formed on, in, and/or around a substrate, the metal organic framework having a crystal structure that includes a first surface and a second surface and includes ion transport channels formed between respective pore windows in the first surface and the second surface; first and second electrodes to apply a potential difference across the membrane; wherein the respective pore windows have a pore size that is less than the hydrated diameter of the ion for which the ion selective separation membrane is selective.