An electroreductive and regenerative system includes an electrochemical reduction reactor having a housing and a reactor inlet. A cathode and an anode are disposed at least partially within a fluid flow-path. A spent ion-exchange resin slurry delivery inlet is fluidly connected to the reactor inlet. The spent ion-exchange resin slurry delivery inlet is connected to a source of spent ion-exchange slurry. A method of concurrently electroreductively remediating poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) and regenerating an ion-exchange resin material includes providing an electrolyte-containing spent ion-exchange resin slurry, the spent ion-exchange resin slurry comprising a plurality of PFAS molecules immobilized on a surface of an ion-exchange resin material in the electrolyte containing spent ion-exchange resin slurry, and directing the electrolyte-containing, spent ion-exchange resin slurry through an electrochemical reduction reactor to remediate PFAS and form regenerated ion-exchange resin material in a regenerated ion-exchange material slurry.

A method for conditioning of spent ion exchange resins from nuclear facilities comprises the steps of: mixing the spent ion exchange resins with water to form a reaction mixture; setting and controlling the pH of the reaction mixture in a range from 1.0 to 3.5, preferably in a range from 2.0 to 3.0; adding an oxidant to the reaction mixture, with the temperature of the reaction mixture maintained at 90?? C. or less so that the spent ion exchange resin and the oxidant react with each other to form an aqueous reaction solution comprising the organic reaction products of the spent ion exchange resin; and electrochemically oxidizing the organic reaction products, wherein carbon dioxide is produced and a carbon-depleted aqueous reaction solution having a TOC (total organic carbon) value of less than 50 ppm is obtained. Furthermore, an apparatus for the conditioning of spent ion exchange resins from nuclear facilities is described.

A method for conditioning of spent ion exchange resins from nuclear facilities comprises the steps of: mixing the spent ion exchange resins with water to form a reaction mixture; setting and controlling the pH of the reaction mixture in a range from 1.0 to 3.5, preferably in a range from 2.0 to 3.0; adding an oxidant to the reaction mixture, with the temperature of the reaction mixture maintained at 90?? C. or less so that the spent ion exchange resin and the oxidant react with each other to form an aqueous reaction solution comprising the organic reaction products of the spent ion exchange resin; and electrochemically oxidizing the organic reaction products, wherein carbon dioxide is produced and a carbon-depleted aqueous reaction solution having a TOC (total organic carbon) value of less than 50 ppm is obtained. Furthermore, an apparatus for the conditioning of spent ion exchange resins from nuclear facilities is described.

A fluid treatment apparatus is constructed from at least one electrochemical cell including a bipolar ion exchange membrane and having a single output orifice to deliver treated fluid. The apparatus may employ a power supply transformer featuring a magnetic dispersion bridge to regulate the magnetic flux to secondary coils, thereby limiting the current delivered to the load and protecting the apparatus from over-current damage. The cell includes a membrane assembly which incorporates both the inner and outer electrodes to provide repeatable assembly and service, as well as reliable performance. The apparatus will provide continuous fluid treatment when designed with at least two stages, each stage including at least one cell, in which one stage is treating influent solution and another stage is regenerating. A method to operate these apparatus includes the steps of deionizing influent solution without interruption, halting deionization water flow and removing power from the deionization cells, flushing the liquid between membrane layers to the drain outlet, initiating regeneration power, and initiating regeneration flow.

Semiconductor-Oxides Nanotubes-Based Composite Particles Useful for Dye-Removal and Process Thereof, has been described in this invention, which relates to an innovative method, involving an ion-exchange mechanism operating under the dark-condition in an aqueous solution, for the processing of innovative products consisting of the nanotubes of semiconductor-oxides deposited on (or anchored to or attached to) the surface of flyash particles and metal-oxide (magnetic and non-magnetic) nanoparticles. The resulting micro-nano and nano-nano integrated composite particles find potential application in the removal of an organic synthetic-dye from an aqueous solution and industry effluent via the surface-adsorption process, involving the ion-exchange and electrostatic-attraction mechanisms, operating in the dark-condition. The novel composite particles can be recycled for the next-cycle of dye-adsorption by decomposing the previously adsorbed-dye on their surfaces via an innovative approach involving the use of either noble-metal-deposited photocatalyst or a magnetically separable magnetic photocatalyst and an exposure to the ultraviolet (UV) or solar-radiation.

Semiconductor-Oxides Nanotubes-Based Composite Particles Useful for Dye-Removal and Process Thereof, has been described in this invention, which relates to an innovative method, involving an ion-exchange mechanism operating under the dark-condition in an aqueous solution, for the processing of innovative products consisting of the nanotubes of semiconductor-oxides deposited on (or anchored to or attached to) the surface of flyash particles and metal-oxide (magnetic and non-magnetic) nanoparticles. The resulting micro-nano and nano-nano integrated composite particles find potential application in the removal of an organic synthetic-dye from an aqueous solution and industry effluent via the surface-adsorption process, involving the ion-exchange and electrostatic-attraction mechanisms, operating in the dark-condition. The novel composite particles can be recycled for the next-cycle of dye-adsorption by decomposing the previously adsorbed-dye on their surfaces via an innovative approach involving the use of either noble-metal-deposited photocatalyst or a magnetically separable magnetic photocatalyst and an exposure to the ultraviolet (UV) or solar-radiation.

A softening apparatus including an ion exchanger that is repeatedly regenerated using electrolyzed hydrogen ions (H.sup.+). The softening apparatus includes a regeneration unit configured to produce regeneration water including hydrogen ions (H.sup.+) by electrolyzing water, a softening unit including an ion exchanger regenerated by receiving the regeneration water and configured to convert raw water including hardness components into soft water, and a controller configured to control the regeneration unit to produce regeneration water having a pH of 2 to 4. The ion exchanger has a Si/Al ratio of 1 to 5 and includes an inner pore with a diameter greater than 4 nm.

A softening apparatus including an ion exchanger that is repeatedly regenerated using electrolyzed hydrogen ions (H.sup.+). The softening apparatus includes a regeneration unit configured to produce regeneration water including hydrogen ions (H.sup.+) by electrolyzing water, a softening unit including an ion exchanger regenerated by receiving the regeneration water and configured to convert raw water including hardness components into soft water, and a controller configured to control the regeneration unit to produce regeneration water having a pH of 2 to 4. The ion exchanger has a Si/Al ratio of 1 to 5 and includes an inner pore with a diameter greater than 4 nm.

Semiconductor-oxide nanotubes-based composite particles are useful for dye-removal. A method involves an ion-exchange mechanism operating under a dark-condition in an aqueous solution, for the processing of products consisting of the nanotubes of semiconductor-oxides deposited on, anchored to or attached to the surface of fly ash particles and metal-oxide (magnetic and non-magnetic) nanoparticles. The resulting micro-nano and nano-nano integrated composite particles can be used in the removal of an organic synthetic-dye from an aqueous solution and industry effluent via a surface-adsorption process, involving ion-exchange and electrostatic-attraction mechanisms. The composite particles can be recycled for the next cycle of dye-adsorption by decomposing the previously adsorbed dye on their surfaces via the use of either noble-metal-deposited or magnetically separable magnetic photocatalysts and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) or solar-radiation.

Semiconductor-oxide nanotubes-based composite particles are useful for dye-removal. A method involves an ion-exchange mechanism operating under a dark-condition in an aqueous solution, for the processing of products consisting of the nanotubes of semiconductor-oxides deposited on, anchored to or attached to the surface of fly ash particles and metal-oxide (magnetic and non-magnetic) nanoparticles. The resulting micro-nano and nano-nano integrated composite particles can be used in the removal of an organic synthetic-dye from an aqueous solution and industry effluent via a surface-adsorption process, involving ion-exchange and electrostatic-attraction mechanisms. The composite particles can be recycled for the next cycle of dye-adsorption by decomposing the previously adsorbed dye on their surfaces via the use of either noble-metal-deposited or magnetically separable magnetic photocatalysts and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) or solar-radiation.