An olefin polymerization reactor comprising a tubular portion that extends in a vertical direction; a tapered portion disposed inside the tubular portion, an inside diameter of the tapered portion decreasing downwardly, and including a vertically penetrating orifice at a bottom end thereof; a tubular lower deflector disposed above the orifice of the tapered portion, an outside diameter of the tubular lower deflector increasing downwardly, a bottom end thereof being located away from an inner wall of the tubular portion, and including a vertically penetrating orifice at a top end thereof; and an upper deflector disposed above the orifice of the lower deflector, an outside diameter of the upper deflector increasing downwardly, a top end thereof being closed, a bottom end thereof being located away from the inner wall of the tubular portion, and an outside diameter at the bottom end being equal to or greater than an inside diameter of the orifice of the lower deflector.

A method of dry reforming methane with CO.sub.2 using a bi-metallic nickel and ruthenium-based catalyst. A dry reformer having the bimetallic catalyst as reforming catalyst, and a method of producing syngas with the dry reformer.

Devices, systems and methods for the preparation of an oxygenate compound or mixture of oxygenate compounds suitable for use in internal combustion engines are disclosed. An internal combustion engine system includes: a fuel system including an oxygenate compound synthesis device including a reactor including a catalyst, the oxygenate compound synthesis device being configured to convert at least a portion of a feedstock to an oxygenate compound or a mixture of oxygenate compounds; and an internal combustion engine configured to initiate combustion through compression or high energy discharge, the internal combustion engine including: a fuel injection system configured to provide fuel injection, and a cooling system configured to cool the internal combustion engine, the internal combustion engine being configured to heat the oxygenate compound synthesis device using heat from the cooling system of the internal combustion engine. Applications of the devices, systems and methods are also disclosed.

The present invention relates to a catalyst system for oxidation of o-xylene and/or naphthalene to phthalic anhydride (PA), comprising a plurality of catalyst zones arranged in succession in the reaction tube, which has been produced using antimony trioxide consisting predominantly of the senarmontite modification of which all primary crystallites have a size of less than 200 nm. The present invention further relates to a process for gas phase oxidation, in which a gas stream comprising at least one hydrocarbon and molecular oxygen is passed through a catalyst system which comprises a plurality of catalyst zones arranged in succession in the reaction tube and which has been produced using an antimony trioxide consisting predominantly of the senarmontite modification with a median primary crystallite size of less than 200 nm.

The present invention relates to a catalyst system for oxidation of o-xylene and/or naphthalene to phthalic anhydride (PA), comprising a plurality of catalyst zones arranged in succession in the reaction tube, which have been produced using antimony trioxide comprising a noticeable proportion of senarmontite wherein some of the primary crystallites have a size of less than 200 nm. The present invention further relates to a process for gas phase oxidation, in which a gas stream comprising at least one hydrocarbon and molecular oxygen is passed through a catalyst system which comprises a plurality of catalyst zones arranged in succession in the reaction tube and which has been produced using an antimony trioxide comprising a noticeable proportion of senarmontite wherein some of the primary crystallites have a size of less than 200 nm.

A catalyst carrier for insertion in a reactor tube of a tubular reactor, said catalyst carrier comprising: a container for holding catalyst in use, said container having a bottom surface closing the container, and a top surface; a carrier outer wall extending from the bottom surface to the top surface; a seal extending from the container by a distance which extends beyond the carrier outer wall; said carrier outer wall having apertures located below the seal.

A method of dry reforming methane with CO.sub.2 using a bi-metallic nickel and ruthenium-based catalyst. A dry reformer having the bimetallic catalyst as reforming catalyst, and a method of producing syngas with the dry reformer.

Systems and processes for cracking hydrocarbons to produce light olefins include an FCC reactor utilizing counter-current flow that includes a reaction zone comprising an elongated reaction tube that has a feed inlet, a product outlet, and a catalyst inlet. In embodiments, the FCC reactor further includes a freeboard zone. The freeboard zone is configured to reduce a superficial velocity of the cracked hydrocarbon fluids in the reaction zone, causing catalyst entrained in the cracked hydrocarbon fluids to at least partially separate from the cracked hydrocarbon fluids. In embodiments, the FCC reactor includes a dense fluidized bed unit. The dense fluidized bed unit is configured to inject a fluidizing gas such that bubbles are formed within the solid particles of the dense fluidized bed of solid particles, which causes the catalyst to overflow from the dense fluidized bed of solid particles into the reaction zone.

The present disclosure provides systems and methods for hydrogen production as well as apparatuses useful in such systems and methods. Hydrogen is produced by steam reforming of a hydrocarbon in a gas heated reformer that is heated using one or more streams comprising combustion products of a fuel in an oxidant, preferably in the presence of a carbon dioxide circulating stream.

The present disclosure provides systems and methods for hydrogen production as well as apparatuses useful in such systems and methods. Hydrogen is produced by steam reforming of a hydrocarbon in a gas heated reformer that is heated using one or more streams comprising combustion products of a fuel in an oxidant, preferably in the presence of a carbon dioxide circulating stream.