A combination for carrying out microwave assisted reactions is disclosed, such as acid digestion and solvent extraction. The combination includes a microwave transparent pressure-resistant reaction vessel and a flexible film fluoropolymer liner inside the reaction vessel. The flexible film liner has a size and shape that substantially conforms to the inner walls of the reaction vessel. A pressure-relief closure is positioned on the reaction vessel and the flexible film liner, and an infrared temperature detector that operates in wavelengths (frequencies) to which both the reaction vessel and the flexible liner are transparent, so that an exact fit and conductive heating to the outside of the reaction vessel are not required.

Methods and systems for temperature-controlled, on-site generation of peracids, namely peroxycarboxylic acids and peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions are disclosed. In particular, methods for using an adjustable biocide formulator or generator system overcome the limitations of temperature on the kinetics of the peracid generation and/or peracid decomposition inside an adjustable biocide formulator or generator system. The methods include the controlling of the temperature of at least one raw starting material, namely water, to improve upon methods of on-site generation of peracids. The methods allow for the generation of user-selected chemistry without regard to the ambient temperatures of the raw starting materials and/or the biocide formulator or generator system.

Methods and systems for on-site, continuous generation of peracid chemistry, namely peroxycarboxylic acids and peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions, are disclosed. In particular, an adjustable biocide formulator or generator system is designed for on-site generation of peroxycarboxylic acids and peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions from sugar esters. Methods of using the in situ generated peroxycarboxylic acids and peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions are also disclosed.

Methods and systems for temperature-controlled, on-site generation of peracids, namely peroxycarboxylic acids and peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions are disclosed. In particular, methods for using an adjustable biocide formulator or generator system overcome the limitations of temperature on the kinetics of the peracid generation and/or peracid decomposition inside an adjustable biocide formulator or generator system. The methods include the controlling of the temperature of at least one raw starting material, namely water, to improve upon methods of on-site generation of peracids. The methods allow for the generation of user-selected chemistry without regard to the ambient temperatures of the raw starting materials and/or the biocide formulator or generator system.

A method and apparatus of inducing chemical reactions such as hydrogenation of a fluidized substance includes mixing hydrogen with the substance, passing the mixture through a cavitation zone, and inducing intense shockwaves in the cavitation zone by continuously generating high energy cavitation events within the mixture. In one embodiment, the treatment zone is the interior of a controlled cavitation reactor. Interior surfaces of the reactor may be coated with a catalyst required for the desired chemical reaction so that the catalyst need not be added directly to the mixture and need not be recovered after the reaction is complete.

Methods and systems for on-site, continuous generation of peracid chemistry, namely peroxycarboxylic acids and peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions, are disclosed. In particular, an adjustable biocide formulator or generator system is designed for on-site generation of peroxycarboxylic acids and peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions from sugar esters. Methods of using the in situ generated peroxycarboxylic acids and peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions are also disclosed.

Alkylate is produced by supplying iso-C.sub.4+ hydrocarbon feed to an alkylation reactor, and by further selectively supplying to the alkylation reactor an olefin selected from the group consisting of refinery grade propylene (RGP) and polymer grade propylene (PGP), and combinations thereof. The olefin feed is controlled such that the proportion of PGP supplied through the olefin feed inlet exceeds that of RGP for a predetermined time interval, using a special purpose computer programmed to optimize the allocation of PGP between alkylation production and a commodity market in order to increase total net profit margin.

Alkylate is produced by supplying iso-C.sub.4+ hydrocarbon feed to an alkylation reactor, and by further selectively supplying to the alkylation reactor an olefin selected from the group consisting of refinery grade propylene (RGP) and polymer grade propylene (PGP), and combinations thereof. The olefin feed is controlled such that the proportion of PGP supplied through the olefin feed inlet exceeds that of RGP for a predetermined time interval, using a special purpose computer programmed to optimize the allocation of PGP between alkylation production and a commodity market in order to increase total net profit margin.

Subjects of the invention are processes for preparing vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymers in the form of their aqueous dispersions or water-redispersible powders by means of radically initiated emulsion polymerization and optional subsequent drying of the resultant polymer dispersions, characterized in that the emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate, ethylene and optionally one or more further ethylenically unsaturated monomers is carried out in the presence of one or more protective colloids in one or more Taylor reactors.

Systems, methods, and devices for generating radionuclides for use in production of radiopharmaceuticals; synthesizing the radionuclides generated and removing any unwanted products; measuring the quantity and activity level of the synthesized radionuclides; distributively delivering the radionuclides in appropriate quantities to modular cassette synthesis units in a modular cassette subsystem for contemporaneous/parallel production of radiopharmaceutical output and that allow reuse and/or quick, safe, and disposable replacement of portions of the subsystem; delivering non-radionuclide components to the modular cassette synthesis units as part of production of radiopharmaceutical output; measuring the quantity and activity level of each stream of radiopharmaceutical output; purifying the radiopharmaceutical output; dispensing individual doses in sterile vial(s); automatically producing labeling and dose related information; performing automated quality control on extracted samples of produced radiopharmaceutical output; and providing software and hardware controls for overall and sub-portion operation for optional remote data collection, communication, and/or control.