A system and method of decreasing contaminant concentration in an oilfield brine fluid, such as a high density completions fluid, that includes mixing the oilfield brine fluid with chlorine dioxide (ClO.sub.2). The oilfield brine fluid includes dissolved contaminant, such as iron, and one or more dissolved salts, such as selected from the group consisting of NaCl, NaBr, CaCl.sub.2, CaBr.sub.2, and ZnBr.sub.2. The mixing is for a time sufficient for the ClO.sub.2 to react with at least one component of the oilfield brine fluid to form precipitated contaminant without reacting to the one or more salts.

A method for producing hydrocarbons is proposed wherein a catalysis product stream (b) rich in n-butane, isobutane, 1-butene, 2-butene, isobutene and hydrocarbons with more than four and/or less than four carbon atoms is produced in a catalysis unit (1), using one or more catalyst feed streams containing oxygenates and/or olefins (a) and wherein additionally a steam cracking product stream (h) is produced in a steam cracking unit (2) using one or more steam cracking feed streams (g, r, s). It is provided that using the catalysis product stream (b) a skeletal isomerisation feed stream (f, q) poor in 1-butene, 2-butene and isobutene and containing at least isobutane is produced, in which the isobutane is at least predominantly reacted by skeletal isomerisation to form n-butane, and which is subsequently used at least partly as the, or one of the, steam cracking feed streams (g, r). The invention also relates to an apparatus (100, 200).

The present disclosure provides oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) systems for small scale and world scale production of olefins. An OCM system may comprise an OCM subsystem that generates a product stream comprising C.sub.2+ compounds and non-C.sub.2+ impurities from methane and an oxidizing agent. At least one separations subsystem downstream of, and fluidically coupled to, the OCM subsystem can be used to separate the non-C.sub.2+ impurities from the C.sub.2+ compounds. A methanation subsystem downstream and fluidically coupled to the OCM subsystem can be used to react H.sub.2 with CO and/or CO.sub.2 in the non-C.sub.2+ impurities to generate methane, which can be recycled to the OCM subsystem. The OCM system can be integrated in a non-OCM system, such as a natural gas liquids system or an existing ethylene cracker.

The invention provides a skin disinfectant for treating skin with eczema, preventing bacterial proliferation, and removing biofilm. Compositions of the invention include hypochlorous acid, acetic acid, water, and one or more additives or excipients. The formulation process removes metal ions, reduces ionic strength, controls pH, and reduces exposure to air, thus improving stability and lengthening shelf-life.

A manufacturing process of a concrete product includes: (1) extracting calcium from solids as portlandite; (2) forming a cementitious slurry including the portlandite; (3) shaping the cementitious slurry into a structural component; and (4) exposing the structural component to carbon dioxide sourced from a flue gas stream, thereby forming the concrete product.

The present invention relates to a method of growing plants in a coherent growth substrate product, the method comprising: providing at least one coherent growth substrate product comprising man-made vitreous fibres (MMVF) bonded with a cured aqueous binder composition free of phenol and formaldehyde; positioning one or more seeds, seedlings, cuttings or plants in contact with the growth substrate product; irrigating the growth substrate product;

wherein the aqueous binder composition prior to curing comprises; a component (i) in form of one or more lignosulfonate lignins having a carboxylic acid group content of 0.03 to 1.4 mmol/g, based on the dry weight of the lignosulfonate lignins, a component (ii) in form of one or more cross-linkers.

A method for producing plasmonic nanomaterials that are catalytically or photocatalytically active by fabricating plasmonic nanostructures on substrates using electrodeposition into a nano-template structure and forming a plurality of nanorods in an array, wherein the nanorods are made from materials chosen from the group consisting of materials that are plasmonic and/or catalytic, and materials that are catalytically activated by depositing pure elemental metals, alloys, or alternating layers of different metals or alloys, and producing catalytic plasmonic nanomaterials. Catalytic plasmonic nanomaterials made from the above method. An optical reactor device that utilizes catalytic nanomaterials for photocatalytic synthesis of methanol or ammonia. A method of photocatalytic synthesis of methanol and ammonia by using catalytic plasmonic nanomaterial to convert CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 to methanol and N.sub.2 and H.sub.2 to ammonia using optical power. A hybrid plasma-plasmonic reactor for the utilization of CO.sub.2 and CH.sub.4 to produce methanol, ethylene, and acetic acid.

The present disclosure provides biorefining systems for co-producing activated carbon along with primary products. A host plant converts a feedstock comprising biomass into primary products and carbon-containing co-products; a modular reactor system pyrolyzes and activates the co-products, to generate activated carbon and pyrolysis off-gas; and an oxidation unit oxidizes the pyrolysis off-gas, generating CO.sub.2, H.sub.2O, and energy. The energy is recycled and utilized in the host plant, and the CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2O may be recycled to the reactor system as an activation agent. The host plant may be a saw mill, a pulp and paper plant, a corn wet or dry mill, a sugar production facility, or a food or beverage plant, for example. In some embodiments, the activated carbon is utilized at the host plant to purify one or more primary products, to purify water, to treat a liquid waste stream, and/or to treat a vapor waste stream.

The present disclosure relates to a radial flow reactor including a pair of beds configured to produce a product by processing a raw material supplied thereto. A substance being produced or the product is movable between the pair of beds before the product is moved to a separate reservoir. The ratio of the area of an outlet with respect to the area of an inlet in each of the pair of beds is adjusted such that, when the substance being produced or the product is introduced into the outlet of one bed of the pair of beds from the other bed of the pair of beds, limited processing efficiency caused by the limited area of the outlet in each of the pair of beds is overcome.

The present invention provides a method capable of easily mixing any liquid containing a linking substance such as a divalent metal cation and the like with a liquid containing a particular compound at a high concentration, and capable of producing a liquid medium composition comprising fine structures dispersed therein, and a production device therefor and a kit therefor. The first liquid containing a particular compound is passed through a through-hole having a given cross-sectional area formed in a nozzle part at a given flow rate and injected into the second liquid at a given flow rate. By this simple operation, a structure in which the particular compound is bonded via the linking substance is formed, and the structure is preferably dispersed in a mixture of the both liquids.