A process for determining a content of hydrogen in a fluid medium includes contacting the fluid medium with a sensor. The sensor has a housing enclosing a chamber containing an ionic liquid electrolyte, a window which is permeable to hydrogen and positioned in an opening in the housing, and electrodes in contact with the ionic liquid electrolyte in the chamber. Hydrogen is allowed to pass through the window from the fluid medium into the electrolyte and the sensor is heated. Temperature and pressure of the fluid medium is determined and electrical potential is applied to the electrodes. The method also includes measuring current flow. The sensor can be used to observe hydrogen concentration by voltammetry. The method and sensor may be used for measuring downhole hydrogen content, monitoring fiber-optic cables for damage by hydrogen, corrosion monitoring, and in small-scale process plants where hydrogen is part of a gas stream.

Methods and systems for temperature-controlled, on-site generation of peracids, namely peroxycarboxylic acids and peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions are disclosed. In particular, methods for using an adjustable biocide formulator or generator system overcome the limitations of temperature on the kinetics of the peracid generation and/or peracid decomposition inside an adjustable biocide formulator or generator system. The methods include the controlling of the temperature of at least one raw starting material, namely water, to improve upon methods of on-site generation of peracids. The methods allow for the generation of user-selected chemistry without regard to the ambient temperatures of the raw starting materials and/or the biocide formulator or generator system.

Provided are integrated processes for the conversion of beta propiolactone to acrylic acid. Systems for the production of acrylic acid are also provided.

A process for hydrogenation of an aromatic hydrocarbon including introducing a hydrocarbon feed comprising the aromatic hydrocarbon, a hydrogen feed comprising hydrogen, and a hydrogenation catalyst into a hydrogenation reactor operable with a liquid phase and a gas phase to produce a hydrogenation product; removing a gas phase product stream comprising the hydrogenation product; withdrawing a portion of the liquid phase; subjecting the withdrawn portion to heat exchange to provide a reduced-temperature withdrawn portion; introducing the reduced-temperature withdrawn portion back into the hydrogenation reactor; and at least one of: (a) providing at least two heat exchangers to effect the subjecting of the withdrawn portion of the liquid phase to heat exchange; (b) separating a decomposition product of the hydrogenation catalyst, the hydrogenation catalyst, or both, from the withdrawn portion of the liquid phase prior to the heat exchange; and (c) reducing exposure of the hydrogenation catalyst to an oxygen-containing species.

The present invention generally relates to an oxygen transport membrane syngas panel whereby the reformer layer of the panel is eliminated, and the primary reforming function is integrated into the manifold as a gas heated reformer with product syngas as the source of heat.

A flow reactor system and methods having tubing useful as polymerization chamber. The flow reactor has at least one inlet and at least one mixing chamber, and an outlet. The method includes providing two phases, an aqueous phase and a non-aqueous phase and forming an emulsion for introduction into the flow reactor.

This invention relates to cost-effective methods for synthesizing metallic nanoparticles in high yield using non-dendrimeric branched polymeric templates, such as branched polyethyleneimine. This invention also provides a high-throughput apparatus for synthesizing metallic nanoparticles under conditions that produce less waste than conventional nanoparticle synthesis methods. Also provided are metallic nanoparticles and multi-metallic nanoparticle compositions made by methods and high-throughput apparatus of the invention.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a flow reactor that can ensure safety even if leakage occurs at the connections of the lines. The flow reactor of the present invention is characterized by including one or more line structures, each of the line structures including a raw material feeding line, a reactor unit to react a raw material fed from the raw material feeding line, and a discharge line to discharge a reaction product produced in the reactor unit, wherein the flow reactor includes a vessel in which part or all of the reactor unit and a fluid are accommodated to be capable of being in contact with each other, wherein each of the line structures includes two or more attachable and detachable connections, and wherein at least one of the attachable and detachable connections is accommodated in the vessel.

The present invention generally relates to an oxygen transport membrane syngas panel whereby the reformer layer of the panel is eliminated, and the primary reforming function is integrated into the manifold as a gas heated reformer with product syngas as the source of heat.

A method of producing a polyarylene sulfide (PAS) with a high nitrogen content in the PAS, the method thereof improving the characteristics of the PAS while reducing the amount of organic by-products, and using a plurality of reaction vessels that are in communication with each other through a gas phase. In the production method, a supply step, a water removal step, a polymerizing step, and a recovering step are performed in parallel. A polar organic solvent, a sulfur source, and a dihalo aromatic compound are used as reaction raw materials. A supply amount of the polar organic solvent used as a reaction raw material is 5 mol or less per mole of the sulfur source used as a reaction raw material. The polar organic solvent has a bond represented by —RO—N—, where R is C or P.