An apparatus for fabricating electronic displays comprises a glass substrate that includes pixel arrays formed on the glass substrate. Individual pixels of the pixel arrays include pixel walls to retain a first fluid, such as oil. The pixel arrays may include an edge seal to retain a second fluid, such as an electrolyte solution, that overlays the pixel walls and the first fluid. The glass substrate also includes a hydrophobic strip formed on the glass substrate. A wettability between the first fluid and the hydrophobic strip is different from a wettability between the second fluid and the hydrophobic strip.

A structural member includes a simulated surface appearance. The structural member includes a substrate, plural intermediate layers, and a top coat. The plural intermediate layers are applied over at least one surface of the substrate, with at least some of the plural intermediate layers configured to cooperate with each other to provide a simulated appearance for the structural member. The top coat is applied outward of the plural intermediate layers. The top coat is relatively thin and is configured for use with exterior applications. The top coat includes a base configured for UV resistance and an additive configured to provide abrasion resistance.

A modular particle valve comprises a plurality of aligned and abutted valve modules that dispense particle curtain segments. The curtain segments merge to form a particle curtain having a width that is limited only by the number of included valve modules. Each valve module comprises a particle hopper and a movable element abutting the hopper from below. An actuator causes the moveable element to block or partially open a hopper outlet to provide a curtain segment of variable thickness. The resulting particle curtain can have a thickness that is uniform or shaped and adjusted according to environmental changes. The moveable elements have edges that abut without intervening structures, and in embodiments interlock while permitting separate movements thereof. Individual valve modules can be removed and reinstalled without significantly disturbing the remaining valve modules. Embodiments are incorporated into systems that dry seeds or collect solar energy by heating particles.