A method of protecting a carbon-containing composite material part against oxidation, includes applying a first coating composition in the form of an aqueous suspension on an outside surface of the part, the first coating composition including a metallic phosphate; a powder of an ingredient comprising titanium; and a powder of B.sub.4C; subjecting the applied first coating composition to heat treatment in order to obtain a first coating on the outside surface of the part; applying a second coating composition on the first coating composition, the second coating composition including an aqueous suspension of colloidal silica; a powder of borosilicate glass; and a powder of TiB.sub.2; and subjecting the applied second coating composition to second heat treatment in order to obtain a second coating on the first coating.

A method of forming a substrate carrier is provided. The method includes forming a first electrode over a first surface of a substrate, the first electrode arranged in a first pattern including a plurality of segments, wherein portions of the plurality of segments are spaced apart from each other by a plurality of gaps; and dispensing a plurality of droplets of a dielectric material over the substrate and into the plurality of gaps. The plurality of droplets includes a first droplet and a second droplet, the first droplet is dispensed onto a first location over the substrate, the second droplet is dispensed onto a second location over the substrate, a size of the first droplet is at least 10% larger than a size of the second droplet.

A polyimide precursor resin composition for forming a flexible device substrate, including a polyamic acid having a structure obtained from a tetracarboxylic acid component including at least one of 3,3,4,4-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride and pyromellitic dianhydride, a diamine component including at least one of paraphenylene diamine and 4,4-diaminodiphenyl ether, and a carboxylic acid monoanhydride, the polyamic acid satisfying equations (1) and (2) below:

0.97X/Y<1.00Equation (1)

0.5(Z/2)/(YX)1.05Equation (2)

in which X represents a number of moles of tetracarboxylic acid component, Y represents a number of moles of diamine component, and Z represents a number of moles of the carboxylic acid monoanhydride.

Articles and methods related to superhydrophobic surfaces are generally described. In some embodiments, an article may include a substrate and a plurality of nanoscale and/or microscale features may be formed on a surface of the substrate by irradiating the substrate. The plurality of nanoscale and/or microscale features may comprise oxides and/or hydroxides on the surface of the substrate. A fluorinated coating may be associated with at least a portion of the surface of the substrate, including, for example, the nanoscale and/or microscale features may be coated with the fluorinated coating.

A method for surface writing is disclosed. The method includes fabricating a plurality of nanomotors, forming a secondary solution by adding the plurality of nanomotors to a primary solution placed on a substrate, guiding the plurality of nanomotors along a path in the secondary solution, and forming a sol-gel film along the path on a surface of the substrate. Wherein, the primary solution includes a monomer and hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2). Fabricating the plurality of nanomotors includes preparing a mesoporous silica template, forming the plurality of nanomotors within the mesoporous silica template, and separating the plurality of nanomotors from the mesoporous silica template. The mesoporous silica template includes a plurality of channels, wherein each channel of the plurality of channels has a diameter less than about 50 nm and a length of less than about 100 nm, and each nanomotor of the plurality of nanomotors is formed within a channel of the plurality of channels.

A modification method of a surface of a base includes applying a composition on a surface layer of a base to form a coating film. The surface layer contains a metal atom. The coating is heated. The composition contains a polymer and a solvent. The polymer includes at an end of a main chain or at an end of a side chain thereof, a functional group that is at least one selected from: a group represented by the following formula (1); a group containing a carbon-carbon triple bond; and a group containing an aromatic hydroxy group. In the formula (1), R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; and n is an integer of 1 to 10, wherein in a case in which n is no less than 2, a plurality of R.sup.1s are identical or different.

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Provided is a pore-filling method for protecting the pores of a porous material. The method, which is performed using a modified i-CVD technique, involves filling the pores of a porous material with a gas phase monomer within a pressure chamber and subsequently polymerizing the monomer, both within the pores and on the surface of the material as an overburden. The method is solvent-free and can fill and protect pores of any size of any material.

An escape wheel (an example of a timepiece component) has a silicon-made substrate having an insertion portion into which an axle is inserted, and a coating film formed in a contact portion which comes into contact with at least the axle, at a surface of the substrate. The coating film contains metal alkoxide having a fluorine atom.

A curable coating composition precursor comprising: (a) a first part (A) comprising (i) at least one amine epoxy curing agent based on a phenolic lipid, and (ii) inorganic microspheres; and (b) a second part (B) comprising (i) at least one epoxy resin, (ii) optionally, at least one reactive diluent, (iii) at least one epoxy reactive flexibilizer, and (iv) inorganic microspheres. The curable coating composition precursor comprises at least one fire retardant compound in part (A) and/or part (B), and the curable coating composition obtained by combining part (A) and part (B) has a density of less than 0.7 g/cm.sup.3.

Disclosed herein is a fiber cement cladding system such as fiber cement shingles or shakes which can have the appearance of authentic wood. Each individual fiber cement shingle or shake comprises a textured surface having a depth of relief and a coating system disposed on the textured surface. The coating system may include a sealing agent, a basecoat, and a topcoat. In some embodiments, the basecoat is disposed on at least a portion of the sealing agent and the topcoat is disposed on at least a portion of the basecoat. In some embodiments, the basecoat comprises a DFT of 1 to 3 mils and the topcoat comprises a DFT of 0.05 to 2 mils. In some embodiments, the depth of relief of the textured surface of the fiber cement shingle is about .03 to .085.