Disclosed are novel solutions in which a preexisting sediment capping system is integrated with improvements such as a cap ingredient processing and delivery apparatus, cap processing method and novel compositional cap product, whereby a hazardous site is remediated by delivering at least one novel cap composition layer over the contaminated subaqueous waterway or terrestrial substrate floor. One embodiment includes a powdered activated carbon (PAC) based cap layer produced by the system and methodology disclosed, the cap layer ingredients comprising predetermined ratio amounts of dry PAC and dry powdered 2-Hydroxypropyl guar gum (HGG) used as a safe and effective delivery ingredient, blended in a cap processing and delivering apparatus with a dewatered sand semi-slurry, the processed resulting capping composition being delivered in a manner such that a novel PAC cap layer is provided to a cap placement area in need of remediation.

The present invention discloses a comprehensive system for the marine sequestration of carbon by injecting a slurry of diverse residual biomasses into deep-sea sediments. Central to the innovation is a meticulously designed flexible pipe system, which efficiently transports the slurry from storage units to the seafloor, significantly reducing the energy required for the overall injection process. The system also includes an adapted bulk carrier vessel, uniquely modified for seamless biomass transport, handling, and quality maintenance. The vessel is equipped with state-of-the-art energy generation systems, emphasizing renewable sources, and incorporates environmental considerations to minimize ecological impact. The injection process is optimized through a series of specialized equipment and detailed operational parameters, ensuring precise control and adaptability to various sediment types, depths, and environmental conditions. Additionally, the invention offers several unique embodiments catering to different needs, providing a flexible, cost-efficient, and environmentally responsible solution to ocean-based carbon storage. The system leverages the vastness of the oceans and the unique properties of various biomasses, offering a cutting-edge response to the global challenge of carbon sequestration.

The invention relates to the storage of contaminated material under a water layer, in particular the storage of bottom ash. The invention provides for this purpose a method for storing a contaminated material under a water layer, comprising the processing steps of supplying the contaminated material, supplying ground material, mixing the contaminated material with the ground material and arranging the mixture of contaminated material and ground material in or under a retention layer situated under a water layer, and wherein the mixture is not in contact with the water layer, and the retention layer comprises ground material. The invention also provides an installation for storing contaminated material and a composition comprising the contaminated material.

Disclosed are novel solutions in which a preexisting sediment capping system is integrated with improvements such as a cap ingredient processing and delivery apparatus, cap processing method and novel compositional cap product, whereby a hazardous site is remediated by delivering at least one novel cap composition layer over the contaminated subaqueous waterway or terrestrial substrate floor. One embodiment includes a powdered activated carbon (PAC) based cap layer produced by the system and methodology disclosed, the cap layer ingredients comprising predetermined ratio amounts of dry PAC and dry powdered 2-Hydroxypropyl guar gum (HGG) used as a safe and effective delivery ingredient, blended in a cap processing and delivering apparatus with a dewatered sand semi-slurry, the processed resulting capping composition being delivered in a manner such that a novel PAC cap layer is provided to a cap placement area in need of remediation.

A system for producing one or more high-density fragments comprising carbon from an organic material and methods for making and using the same. The system can include increasing a density of the organic material to form the high-density fragments and can determine a critical submersion depth for the high-density fragments. The critical submersion depth can comprise a depth below a water surface of a body of water at which the high-density fragments must be submerged such that a density of the high-density fragments is greater than the density of the body of water. The system can submerge the high-density fragments in the body of water at a predetermined injection depth that is below the critical submersion depth so that the high-density fragments will sink to a floor of the body of water. Thereby, the system advantageously can produce a product comprising a mixture of carbon and water.

A method for sequestering carbon in a body of water (28), the method consisting of receiving a mass (52) of carbon-containing matter, the mass having an initial average density that is less dense than the water, and submerging the mass in the body of water to a depth (66) at which the mass becomes denser than the water due to compression of the mass by water pressure. When the mass has become denser than the water, the method includes releasing the mass to sink in the body of water. The mass of carbon-containing matter may be in the form of loose matter or bales.