Disclosed are methods, apparatuses and systems for the remediation of contaminated soils, groundwater, water, and/or waste using a combination of reagents. The disclosed methods may be used to treat various recalcitrant halogenated substances, such as perfluoroalkyls and polyfluoroalkyls. Particular combinations of reagents that may be used in the disclosed methods include but are not limited to: (1) persulfate, oxygen and ozone; (2) persulfate, salt, oxygen and ozone; (3) persulfate, phosphate, and/or oxygen; (4) persulfate, phosphate, oxygen and ozone; (5) persulfate, phosphate, salt and oxygen (6) persulfate, phosphate, salt, oxygen and ozone; (7) oxygen and salt; and (8) air and salt. The disclosed methods may enhance destruction of organic contaminants in the liquid phase and may also control the rate of aerosol or foam formation relative to the rate of chemical oxidation and/or reduction/transfer.

Compositions and methods for soil and groundwater remediation are contemplated as comprising a zero valent metal having a metal sulfide surface layer and an organic compound operative to degrade to produce molecular hydrogen. Such compositions may also include particulate activate carbon and anaerobic bacteria operative to perform reductive dechlorination. These compositions synergistically operate to remove chlorinated hydrocarbons from contaminated soil and groundwater.

Disclosed are methods, apparatuses and systems for the remediation of contaminated soils, groundwater, water, and/or waste using a combination of reagents. The disclosed methods may be used to treat various recalcitrant halogenated substances, such as perfluoroalkyls and polyfluoroalkyls. Particular combinations of reagents that may be used in the disclosed methods include but are not limited to: (1) persulfate, oxygen and ozone; (2) persulfate, salt, oxygen and ozone; (3) persulfate, phosphate, and/or oxygen; (4) persulfate, phosphate, oxygen and ozone; (5) persulfate, phosphate, salt and oxygen (6) persulfate, phosphate, salt, oxygen and ozone; (7) oxygen and salt; and (8) air and salt. The disclosed methods may enhance destruction of organic contaminants in the liquid phase and may also control the rate of aerosol or foam formation relative to the rate of chemical oxidation and/or reduction/transfer.

There is provided according to the present invention a sustained release reactant blend and methods for making and using the sustained release reactant blends. There is further provided methods for using such blends in the in situ or ex situ remediation of contaminated groundwater and in the treatment of water and wastewater. There is further provided, according to the present invention, methods for controllably coating reactant blends whereby such coated blends exhibit sustained release properties and have an open structure.

The application relates to a method for remediation and/or restoration of an anoxic body of water (10), wherein a calcium nitrate solution (3) is added to the anoxic body of water (10), and wherein the method comprises the steps of mixing water having a percent of oxygen saturation of between 50% and 150% with the calcium nitrate solution (3), resulting in a mixture, and pumping the mixture into the anoxic body of water (10), wherein the final concentration of nitrate-N in the remedied and/or restored anoxic body of water (10) is between 1 and 20 mg/l. The application furthermore relates to a system (1) for remediation and/or restoration of an anoxic body of water (10), wherein the system (1) is provided with means to add a calcium nitrate solution (3) to the anoxic body of water (10), wherein the means to add the calcium nitrate solution (3) to the anoxic body of water (10) consists of a mixing device (2) arranged to mix the calcium nitrate solution (3) with water having a percent of oxygen saturation of between 50% and 150%, resulting in a mixture, and wherein the system (1) comprises first pumping means (5) for pumping the mixture into the anoxic body of water (10).

A reactive oxygen species formulation is provided by preparing a peracid mixture in an activated pH range including mixing alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution with acyl donor in molar proportions with an excess of the acyl donor to hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide and acyl donor are reacted to produce a peracid mixture comprising no more than a small quantity of hydrogen peroxide, and pH is adjusted as needed to initially prepare the formulation in the activated pH range. Water treatment with the reactive oxygen species formulation facilitates formation and separation of solids removable during clarification, and which may be followed by a second treatment with the reactive oxygen species formulation for antimicrobial treatment of clarified water.

Systems, compositions, and methods for synergistic additives for use in the scavenging of sulfur-containing compounds encountered in oilfield operations are provided. In one embodiment, the methods comprise injecting a sulfide scavenging additive that does not comprise a significant amount of an aldehyde into at least a portion of a subterranean formation where one or more sulfur-containing species are present; and injecting a synergistic additive comprising at least one base into at least the portion of the subterranean formation.

The present application relates to a novel method for reductive degradation of perfluoroalkyl-containing compounds, such as perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, by activated carbon (AC) supported zero valent iron-nickle nanoparticles (nNi.sup.0Fe.sup.0).

The present disclosure relates to remediation of contaminated environmental sites. In particular, the present disclosure relates to passive control compositions and their use in remediation.

A subsurface soil purification method includes a first process of injecting a cleaning liquid, that separates a contaminant in subsurface soil from the subsurface soil and that has been warmed to a higher temperature than a groundwater temperature, into an injection well provided in the ground, and a second process of pumping up groundwater containing the cleaning liquid, in which the contaminant separated from the subsurface soil has been dissolved, from a pumping well that is provided in the ground so as to be spaced apart from the injection well.