A titanium plate includes a chemical composition of industrial pure titanium, in which an arithmetic mean roughness Ra of a surface is 0.05 μm or more and 0.40 μm or less, the surface has titanium carbide regarding which a ratio between a total sum of integrated intensities Ic derived from the titanium carbide and a total sum of integrated intensities Im of all diffraction peaks derived from the titanium carbide and titanium obtained from X-ray diffractometry ((Ic/Im)×100) is 0.8% or more and 5.0% or less, a number density of asperities on the surface is 30 to 100 pieces/mm, and an average spacing of the asperities is 20 μm or less.

A framework cooler (20) for cooling a steel strip (50), installed in a roller framework (11), in place of the work rolls (5) and their associated installation pieces (5a and 5b). The framework cooler (20) is sized to be installed into the roller framework (11) through the operator-side roller stands (1) of the roller framework (11). The cooler (20) includes a lower (21b) and an upper water tank (21a), each having a connection (22) for a coolant, and includes a plurality of cooling nozzles (23), or cooling tubes (23a) arranged in the depth direction (T) of the framework cooler (20) or at least one cooling slot (24) extending in the depth direction (T). The bottom and top sides of the steel strip (50) may be cooled.

A centrifugally cast composite roll for hot rolling comprising an outer layer made of an Fe-based alloy having a chemical composition comprising by mass 2.6-3.6% of C, 0.1-3% of Si, 0.3-2% of Mn, 2.3-5.5% of Ni, 0.5-3.2% of Cr, 0.3-1.6% of Mo, 1.8-3.4% of V, and 0.7-2.4% of Nb, 1.4≤V/Nb≤2.7, a V equivalent (Veq=V+0.55Nb) being 2.60-4% by mass, and the balance being Fe and impurities, and an inner layer made of an iron-based alloy and integrally fused to the outer layer.

The invention relates to a finishing train for finish rolling hot strip. It is the object of the invention to modify an existing finishing train in such a way that the surface quality of the hot strip produced is improved without, however, significantly increasing the use of energy during production. This is intended to enable the thin hot strip produced to be used even for applications with high demands on surface quality. This object is achieved by a cleaning nozzle which cleans the upper side of the exit table, thus ensuring that scale and/or rolling dust are/is removed from the exit table.

Tube forming methods can be used for efficient transition in the production of tubes having varying thickness. Material used to form consecutive tubes may have the same thickness along a separation plane separating a first discrete section from a second discrete section of the material, and the first discrete section and the second discrete section may each have varying thickness in a feed direction of the material. With such a thickness profile, the first discrete section of the material may be formed into a first cylinder having varying thickness and separated from the second discrete portion as the second discrete section is formed into a second cylinder having varying thickness. In particular, the transition between the first cylinder and the second cylinder may be achieved without scrap and/or interruption, resulting in cost-savings and improvements in production throughput associated with forming tubes having varying thickness.

Tube forming methods can be used for efficient transition in the production of tubes having varying thickness. Material used to form consecutive tubes may have the same thickness along a separation plane separating a first discrete section from a second discrete section of the material, and the first discrete section and the second discrete section may each have varying thickness in a feed direction of the material. With such a thickness profile, the first discrete section of the material may be formed into a first cylinder having varying thickness and separated from the second discrete portion as the second discrete section is formed into a second cylinder having varying thickness. In particular, the transition between the first cylinder and the second cylinder may be achieved without scrap and/or interruption, resulting in cost-savings and improvements in production throughput associated with forming tubes having varying thickness.

A metal sheet having a low friction coefficient and a low waviness. Multiple round or roughly-round small pits are distributed on the surface of the metal sheet. The diameter of a single pit ranges from 30 μm to 150 μm, and the overlap between adjacent pits is lower than 10%. On the surface of the metal sheet where the pits are located, the proportion of the area of pits per square millimeter of surface area is greater than 30%, and the difference between the quantities of pits in any unit square millimeter is less than 20%. By means of the proper design of surface microstructure, the friction coefficient and the waviness can be effectively reduced, thereby improving the forming and painting performance of the material.

A method for manufacturing an aluminum alloy sheet may include melting aluminum alloy composition containing silicon (Si), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) in weight% on the basis of remainder of aluminum (Al) to make cast alloy having a constant initial thickness; rolling the cast alloy to allow the initial thickness to be reduced, whereby the cast alloy is elongated to aluminum alloy sheet; and performing heat treatment on the aluminum alloy sheet.

A method for open-loop and/or closed-loop control of a heating of a cast or rolled metal product, includes the steps of determining the total enthalpy of the metal product from a sum of the free molar enthalpies (Gibbs energy) of all phases and/or phase fractions currently present in the metal product; determining a temperature distribution within the metal product by means of a dynamic temperature calculation model using the total enthalpy determined; and open-loop and/or closed-loop controlling of the heating of the metal product as a function of at least one output variable of the temperature calculation model.

A method for open-loop and/or closed-loop control of a heating of a cast or rolled metal product, includes the steps of determining the total enthalpy of the metal product from a sum of the free molar enthalpies (Gibbs energy) of all phases and/or phase fractions currently present in the metal product; determining a temperature distribution within the metal product by means of a dynamic temperature calculation model using the total enthalpy determined; and open-loop and/or closed-loop controlling of the heating of the metal product as a function of at least one output variable of the temperature calculation model.