A leaf spring device includes a main leaf made of a steel plate including an elastic section configured to generate elastic force when bent; and an eye section formed in an end portion of the elastic section, the elastic section and the eye section being tempered. There is also provided a method for manufacturing the leaf spring device. The eye section is formed by rolling the end of the elastic section into a circular form. The eye section is tempered at a higher temperature than the elastic section.

A leaf spring device includes a main leaf made of a steel plate including an elastic section configured to generate elastic force when bent; and an eye section formed in an end portion of the elastic section, the elastic section and the eye section being tempered. There is also provided a method for manufacturing the leaf spring device. The eye section is formed by rolling the end of the elastic section into a circular form. The eye section is tempered at a higher temperature than the elastic section.

A method for forming a curl on an open end of a metal container, for adapting the metal bottle to be closed by a cap, comprising in sequence: inserting the open end of the metal container into a powered first curler roller housing, wherein the first curler roller housing houses a set of first curler rollers, to deform the open end by turning it outwardly so as to obtain a first stage curl; inserting the open end of the metal container having the first stage curl into a powered second curler roller housing, wherein the second curler roller housing houses a set of second curler rollers, to further deform the open end and first stage curl by turning them outwardly and/or curling them so as to obtain a second stage curl; inserting the open end of the metal container or bottle having the second stage curl into a powered third curler roller housing, wherein the third curler roller housing houses a set of third curler rollers, to further deform the open end and second stage curl by turning them outwardly, curling them and/or compressing the second stage curl radially and/or longitudinally downward towards a bottom of the metal container so as to obtain a third stage curl.

A tube end member to be provided at an end of a flange tube includes a tubular part configured to be fitted to an end of a tube body of the flange tube, a flat part formed by bending an end of the tubular part outwards at a substantially right angle, in an opposite side to a fitting side of the tubular part to be fitted to the tube body, an extending part formed by bending an outer end of the flat part at a substantially right angle towards the tubular part, a tapered part extending at an angle from an edge of the extending part so as to approach the tubular part, and a folded-back part folded back from an edge of the tapered part into a space S enclosed by the tubular part, the flat part and the extending part. The folded-back part abuts on the tapered part.

A tube end member to be provided at an end of a flange tube includes a tubular part configured to be fitted to an end of a tube body of the flange tube, a flat part formed by bending an end of the tubular part outwards at a substantially right angle, in an opposite side to a fitting side of the tubular part to be fitted to the tube body, an extending part formed by bending an outer end of the flat part at a substantially right angle towards the tubular part, a tapered part extending at an angle from an edge of the extending part so as to approach the tubular part, and a folded-back part folded back from an edge of the tapered part into a space S enclosed by the tubular part, the flat part and the extending part. The folded-back part abuts on the tapered part.

An end closure for food and beverage containers provides controlled opening characteristics to prevent the unintentional missiling of a tear panel. The end closure comprises a score line that defines a portion of the tear panel, and the end closure may comprise one or more anti-missile features that inhibit the propagation of a fracture down a score line, which reduces the likelihood that a tear panel will inadvertently detach from the end closure and injure the user or another.

An end closure for food and beverage containers provides controlled opening characteristics to prevent the unintentional missiling of a tear panel. The end closure comprises a score line that defines a portion of the tear panel, and the end closure may comprise one or more anti-missile features that inhibit the propagation of a fracture down a score line, which reduces the likelihood that a tear panel will inadvertently detach from the end closure and injure the user or another.

Respective gaps between a pair of vertical outer surfaces parallel to a pressing direction of a punch and inner surfaces of a cavity portion of a die facing the same, at positions at both ends in a longitudinal direction of the cross-section of the punch, are set smaller than respective gaps between outer surfaces parallel to the pressing direction of the punch and inner surfaces of the cavity portion of the die facing the same, at positions at both ends in a width direction of the cross-section. Burring height formed by pressing a punch for burring toward the cavity portion to insert the punch into the same is generally proportional to these gap values, and therefore the burring height at ends in the major axis direction becomes lower than that in the minor axis direction.

Provided is a press forming method for a composite material, which prevents a longitudinal section of the composite material from being exposed to outside. To this end, the method includes: cutting edges of the upper metal layer and the resin layer using a cutter such that the resin layer is cut relatively more than the upper metal layer; bending the upper metal layer toward the lower metal layer; and folding the lower metal layer by an angle of 180 degrees using a hemming die such that side surfaces of the upper metal layer and the resin layer are prevented from being exposed to outside.

Provided is a press forming method for a composite material, which prevents a longitudinal section of the composite material from being exposed to outside. To this end, the method includes: cutting edges of the upper metal layer and the resin layer using a cutter such that the resin layer is cut relatively more than the upper metal layer; bending the upper metal layer toward the lower metal layer; and folding the lower metal layer by an angle of 180 degrees using a hemming die such that side surfaces of the upper metal layer and the resin layer are prevented from being exposed to outside.